FHW5-A 9OT GTeli/SolarH GH EA01-000-2 05 Oct 1985 By Tesseract Enterprises Limited P.O. Box 25966 Colorado Springs, CO 80936 (303) 594-6199 (c) Copyright 1985 by Tesseract Enterprises Limited All Rights Reserved. Page i Page ii E4PREFACE5 45F There are a few actions that an architect, contractor, or homeowner can take to lessen the impact of the present energy situation. One is to conserve conventional fuels; another is to find economic alternatives; and yet a third is to design or retrofit buildings (homes) to make better use of renewable fuels. This program provides several tools that can be used to automate these actions -- tools that allow the user to understand energy-use patterns and change these patterns based on technical and economic decisions. TRADEMARKS IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc. Preface Page iii This version of Teli/Solar is released as "user-supported" software. If you are using this program and find it to be of value, your contribution of $50 will be appreciated. Regardless of whether you make a contribution, you are encouraged to copy and share this program. Your contribution, however, entitles you to the following: o A letter-quality printed manual (with accompanying illustrations) in a 3-ring binder, o Telephone support, and o Inclusion on our mailing list for notification of bug fixes and new releases. o One free version upgrade. User-supported software is an experiment in distributing computer programs that is based on these beliefs: 1. The value and utility of software is best assessed by the user on his/her own system, 2. The creation of personal computer software can and should be supported by the computing community, and 3. Copying of programs should be encouraged, rather than restricted. Anyone may order a copy of this program from The Public (Software) Library or other public software supplier. The program will carry a notice suggesting a contribution to the program's author. Making a contribution is completely voluntary on the part of each user. However, this program is copyrighted, and cannot, therefore, be sold for financial gain. Free distribution of software and voluntary payment for its use eliminates costs for advertising and copy protection schemes. Users obtain quality software at reduced cost. They can try it out before buying, and do so at their own pace and in their own home or office. The best programs will survive, based purely on their quality and usefulness. Please join the experiment and encourage the continuing effort of those software authors willing to participate. If you believe in these ideals, your contribution is solicited to help make them work. Page iv Preface E41. INTRODUCTION5 45F The Teli/Solar package is a program which provides the user with an easy, quick method of evaluating energy-saving alternatives in the areas of hot water usage, building heating/cooling load, and solar collector design. Teli/Solar enables the average homeowner to make intelligent decisions about energy-related home improvements and/or investments. It is an interactive program that will quickly estimate: o The hot water usage of a family in terms of dollars and energy; o The solar energy available for collection at a specified location and orientation; o The heating and cooling requirements for a building defined by the user (usually a house); and o The economic considerations involved with an energy-related investment. It is designed for direct use by architects, contractors, and homeowners. It is completely menu driven and easy to use even by someone with limited computer experience (however, the menus may be bypassed by experienced users). G1.1. Characteristics and AdvantagesH Some of the characteristics and advantages of the program are the following: 1. Disk storage of building design for later use, 2. Menu driven (with ability to bypass menus), 3. Accepts American or metric units, 4. Provides interactive response, 5. Runs on IBM-PCs and compatibles. Page 1.1 Introduction TeliSolar G1.2. Electronic ComputersH The electronic computer has been around for some time and is widely used in all phases of industry and commerce. The use of the computer in solving everyday energy-related problems is a reality, and the architect or contractor who does not take advantage of the tremendous potential of the computer will soon find himself outdated and professionally handicapped. However, the average architectural or small contracting company cannot justify a large "in-house" computer. With the advent of the microcomputer, it is no longer necessary to own a large several hundred-thousand dollar computer in order to solve many, if not all, the problems the average architect or contractor needs to solve. In fact, most small businesses probably already own, or should own, a microcomputer system for other purposes, such as: accounting, customer billing, project management, inventory, and a host of other general business purposes. G1.3. Manual StyleH We have attempted to make this manual clear and consistent. If there are steps that must be followed to accomplish a task, they are numbered to make it easier to follow them. Whenever it is necessary for you to type a specific string of characters, that string will be highlighted in bold print. When it is useful for you to see what is displayed on the console screen, a copy of the screen display will be provided and it will be enclosed in a box. This manual is divided into several parts or chapters. It is written assuming the reader is familiar with the operation of the computer and its operating system (either PC-DOS or MS-DOS); however, there is an appendix which covers operational aspects in detail for those of you who are just beginning. Where necessary, the reader will be referred to the appropriate section in the appendix. The chapters are: Introduction. This chapter discusses the background of the Teli/Solar program, the intended user, and how the manual is organized (it is the chapter you are currently reading). Getting Started. This chapter discusses the operational aspects of the computer and DOS, the backup procedures for the supplied disks, how to format diskettes, and how to "bring up" the Teli/Solar system. Hot Water Usage. This chapter describes the usage and application of the "Hot Water Usage" option of the program. Page 1.2 TeliSolar Introduction Solar Flux Striking Collector. This chapter describes the usage and application of the "Solar Flux" option of the program. Heat Loss. This chapter describes the usage and application of the "Building Heat Loss" option of the program. Economic Considerations. This chapter describes the usage and application of the "Discounted Cash Payback" option of the program. Solar Sizing. This chapter describes the usage and application of the "Solar Collector Sizing" option of the program. Appendix - Detailed Operations. This appendix explains in detail such things as powering on and off the computer system, booting DOS, formatting diskettes, and making backup copies of the supplied disk. It is included as an appendix so that those users who already know this stuff will not have to wade through it in the body of the manual, but those who are not familiar with the operation of the system will have a handy reference. Appendix - General Weather Data. This appendix lists the percent sunshine, heating and cooling degree days, and latitude for numerous American and Canadian cities. Appendix - R-values. This appendix lists the R-values for numerous materials and surfaces. Appendix - Further Reading. This appendix lists several books and references used in the design and theory of this program. Glossary. The Glossary defines a few of the energy-related terms encountered in the manual or program output. -----+----- The chapters dealing with the option selected (Chapters 3 - 7) are, in general, divided into five sections as follows: Introduction which describes the option and generally what it does. Page 1.3 Introduction TeliSolar Usage which describes how to use the option and what input values are needed. Help which describes the on-line help available for the option. Application which describes how the option can be used to solve various real-world problems. Theory which describes the mathematical equations involved. G1.4. In GeneralH It is important that you fill out and return the Product Registration. If you have not yet done so, please take a few minutes now to read the Registration Plan and fill out the form included. It is also important to make backup copies of the master diskette supplied with the Teli/Solar package. If you do not know how to make a backup copy of a diskette, refer to the appendix "Detailed Operations". This program is not copy protected, so it may easily be installed on, and run from, a hard disk. Throughout this manual, whenever there is a reference to a graphics display of results, this applies only if the graphics adapter card is installed. Also, in the examples, the term "Enter ___" means type the value indicated and press the 'Return' key. On the other hand, the term "Press ___" means that the value indicated should be typed and no 'Return' is necessary. (The 'Return' key is the one on the left side of the keyboard that looks something like this: "<--'".) We suggest you familiarize yourself with the computer and the IBM supplied software before using Teli/Solar. This will make you more comfortable about using an application on the computer and will make the manual a little easier to understand. You may, however, use the program without prior knowledge of the computer system by following the procedures outlined in this manual. Page 1.4 E42. GETTING STARTED5 45F G2.1. ConfigurationH The configuration needed to run this program is: o IBM PC, IBM XT, COMPAQ, or compatible, o A Disk Operating System (PC-DOS 1.1, 2.x, 3.x or MS-DOS 1.x, 2.x) o BASICA, o 128K bytes of RAM, o either color or monochrome display (80 column), o at least one DSDD floppy disk drive, and o optionally, a printer and/or hard-disk. You will also need a blank double-sided, double-density diskette for backup. The Teli/Solar package, as delivered to you, contains several items. You should make sure that you have the entire package. It consists of the following: User's Manual The manual is a loose-leaf binder containing the manual you are currently reading. Disks The Teli/Solar package consists of one (1) diskette containing the following files: o TELISOL.EXE - The solar program. o INITVAL.SOL - A file containing initial values needed by SOLAR.EXE. o SINSTALL.BAS - A BASICA program to setup your customized INITVAL.SOL file o HOUSE.DAT - A file containing a default definition of a set of building elements for a house. Registration Plan This consists of several pages which describe the Limited Warranty, the Registration page, and the Replacement policy. Page 2.1 Getting Started TeliSolar G2.2. Keyboard InformationH Your computer keyboard should contain three main groups of keys: o one group of typewriter keys, o one group of function keys, and o one group of keypad keys. The Teli/Solar system uses all three groups of keys to perform its various functions and commands. The 'Shift' key can be held down while you press another key to give you uppercase letters, symbols, or functions - just like the Shift or Caps keys on a typewriter. G2.3. Function KeysH The function keys are located on the left of the keyboard. They are numbered 'F1' through 'F10'. They are used alone to perform one function. Whenever reference is made in this manual to one of these keys, an "F" will precede the number. Following is the description of the use of each of the function keys. o F1 - provides the help screen for the 'Main Menu' when the 'Main Menu' is active. o F2 - returns the user to the 'Main Menu' from almost any point in the program. Use of this feature should be limited since it uses up memory that cannot be used for anything else and cannot be recovered. o F3 - skips remaining input prompts during data input for options 1 and 4. If, while inputting data for these options, the F3 key is used, the program will not prompt for further input and will, instead, immediately calculate and display Page 2.2 TeliSolar Getting Started the results using the default values for the remaining input items. For example, suppose that during the second selection of option 1 (hot water usage), only the second input item needed to be changed. When prompted for the third item, the user may press the F3 key to skip the remaining input and see the results immediately. o F4 - not used. o F5 - causes the program to assume subsequent input will be in American units (feet, ft^2, ft^3, F, etc). o F6 - causes the program to assume subsequent input will be in metric units (meters, m^2, m^3, C, etc). o F7 - not used. o F8 - not used. o F9 - not used. o F10 - exits the program. Pressing this key during the 'Main Menu' display will cause the program to ask you if you are sure you want to exit. Entering a "y" will terminate the program. Entering any other key will return you to the 'Main Menu'. This is useful in the event you forgot to save your work before exitting. The keys on the right of the keyboard are sometimes referred to as the numeric keypad. If the 'Shift' key is held down, or if the 'Num Lock' key has been pressed, the keys will type numbers instead of working as cursor control keys. Pressing 'Num Lock' a second time unlocks them - allows them to be used as cursor control keys. This is the mode that is needed for operation of this program. The cursor movement keys needed for the R-value help usage are the four directional-arrow keys (on the 2, 4, 6, and 8 keys). Most of the keys on the keyboard are labeled with the specific key name or an abbreviation of the name. Others are not Page 2.3 Getting Started TeliSolar (depending on the keyboard). Below are shown a representative sample of those keys which may be marked only with symbols. Page 2.4 TeliSolar Getting Started G2.4. Menu DrivenH Teli/Solar is a 'menu-driven' system. This means you select the function that you wish to perform from a menu of options. You begin at the "Main Menu" and select the option that you want to do. You will then be "prompted" for the necessary input data. After supplying the input data, the program will generate the results, display them to you, and then return to the "Main Menu". The program also provides use of the function keys to perform various operations -- as described in the previous section. The program usually offers a "default" value for most input prompts. You can accept a system default by simply pressing the 'Return' key or you can provide your own by typing the value you want. The default values are contained in square brackets ([..]) following the input prompt. The menu-driven feature of the program may be over-ridden by experienced users if desired. When the program is at the "Graphic display of results" prompt or "Press any key to continue" prompt waiting for user input, you may enter a number between 1 and 9. Doing so will bypass the "Main Menu" and go directly to the input prompts for the option represented by that number. For example, suppose you have just completed a "Hot water usage" calculation (Option 1) and see the "Graphic display of results" prompt. If you know the next thing you want to do is an economic analysis and that this is option 4, you may simply enter a "4" for the prompt and the economic analysis option is entered immediately with no "Main Menu" selection necessary. G2.5. Status LineH The "Status Line" is the line at the bottom of the display. It indicates how to get help, the current setting for input units (American or metric), and the current option you have selected. It is always displayed at the bottom of the screen, with two exceptions. Prompts for graphic displays or returning to the "Main Menu" temporary overwrite the Status Line. It is also not present during the R-value help session. Page 2.5 Getting Started TeliSolar G2.6. Preparing Your SystemH The Disk Operating System (either PC-DOS or MS-DOS) instructs the computer on how to perform its functions. It consists of a set of commands which allow you to manage information and the hardware resources. The DOS program may be stored on either floppy or hard disk. You can give commands directly to the computer through the set of DOS commands. A prompt, either "A>" or "B>" or "C>", appears on the screen to indicate you are in DOS. You type commands after the prompt to perform such functions as formatting a diskette or copying a file. You will be using some of the DOS commands to perform some of the functions discussed in the following section. See the DOS Reference Manual for more information. Appendix A contains a detailed discussion of starting the IBM PC, booting the DOS system, and making a backup copy of the release disk. If you have not yet made a backup of the diskette supplied in the Teli/Solar package, you should do so now. (See Appendix A if you don't know how to do this) After making a backup copy (or installing the program on the hard disk), you should put the master diskette away in a safe place and use the backup copy for all future use. Before using the Teli/Solar package, you need to set up your own INITVAL.SOL file. To install your own INITVAL.SOL file: 1. Load DOS. Be sure BASICA is on the DOS disk. 2. Insert your working copy of the Teli/Solar disk in drive B. 3. At the "A>" prompt, enter "B:". 4. Rename the supplied INITVAL.SOL file, just in case. At the "B>" prompt, enter: "RENAME INITVAL.SOL OLDVAL.SOL". 5. At the "B>" prompt, enter: "A:BASICA SINSTALL". 6. Answer each of the questions. The number of sunny days per month and heating degree days you need may be in Appendix B. Find your city or the one nearest to you in the table to get these values. To use the Teli/Solar program: From floppy drives - 1. Load DOS, 2. Insert the backup disk in drive B, 3. At the "A>" prompt, enter "B:", 4. At the "B>" prompt, enter "TELISOL". From hard disk - Page 2.6 TeliSolar Getting Started 1. DOS should already be loaded, 2. At the "C>" prompt, enter "TELISOL". A screen will appear containing the name of the program, the version number, and, if you have a graphics card, the company logo. Press any key to proceed. The MAIN MENU will then appear. It will look similar to the following: +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Teli/Solar (Ver. 1.20) 07-03-1985 07:54:07 | | | | | | | | 1 - Weekly hot water usage & solar requirements | | 2 - Solar flux striking solar collector | | 3 - Heat loss from a building | | 4 - Return on energy-saving investments | | 5 - Solar collector sizing calculation | | 6 - Reserved for future use | | 7 - Reserved for future use | | 8 - Save program element data | | 9 - Load program element data | | | | F1 - Main Menu Help F2 - MAIN MENU | | F3 - Skip remaining input | | F5 - American Units F6 - Metric Units | | | | F10 - Exit from program | | | | Choose an option: | | | | | | -1 = help. Units = American. Mode = Main Menu | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ Choose the option desired. Options 1 through 5 have built-in default values which may be chosen by simply pressing the 'Return' key. This allows the user to step through each of the options by pressing the 'Return' key to see some representative input and the results of that input. This should give the user a "feel" for how the program works without the necessity of determining the specific input for his or her application. To do this: 1. Press the "1" key. 2. When the 'Weekly hot water usage & solar requirements' menu Page 2.7 Getting Started TeliSolar appears, press the 'Return' key until the 'Graphic display of usage (Y or N)' message appears. To see a pie chart graph of the hot water usage, enter a "Y". Entering any other key causes a return to the Main Menu. 3. Press the "2" key. 4. When the 'Solar flux striking solar collector' menu appears, press the 'Return' key three (3) times. A display should appear showing the number of BTUs that can theoretically be collected by a flat plate collector during each month for a collector with the orientation defined by the default values. A 'Graphic display of flux (Y or N)?' message should appear. Enter a "Y" to see it, or any other key to return to the Main Menu. 5. Press the "3" key. 6. When the 'Heat loss from a building' menu appears, press the "C" key. A display of the amount and percent of total heat loss through each of the default building elements defined in the "HOUSE.DAT" file should appear, along with the total yearly heating and cooling requirements for the house. A 'Graphic display of load' message should appear. Enter a "Y" to see it, or any other key to return to the Main Menu. 7. Press the "4" key. 8. When the 'Return on energy-saving investments' menu appears, press the 'Return' key until the display showing the net savings due to energy investment appears. This shows the number of years it takes to "pay for" an energy-related investment. When ready, press any key to return to the Main Menu. 9. Press the "5" key. 10. When the 'Solar collector sizing calculation' menu appears, press the 'ENTER' key three (3) times. The total collector area needed to heat the hot water usage determined in step one should be displayed. When ready, press any key to return to the Main Menu. Following the above steps should have given you a "feel" for how the program works and the kind of results that you can expect. Now its time to move on to the real thing. Page 2.8 E43. HOT WATER USAGE5 45F G3.1. IntroductionH The hot water that a family uses is a necessary use of energy in any household. However, there are means of minimizing that use and reducing the cost necessary to provide the hot water. The "Hot water usage and solar requirements" option allows the user to calculate the yearly hot water usage and cost in terms of energy and dollars. It gives the user an approximation of how many gallons of hot water is used each year and how much energy and money that hot water costs. Using the methods presented here, you can easily and rapidly assess the effect of: o Turning down the thermostat on your hot water heater, o Putting a flow restrictor in your shower head, o Using cold water for laundry, or o Taking fewer or shorter showers each week. The values determined won't be precise because estimates and assumptions have been made either for simplicity's sake or because not enough is known about actual costs. However, the results should be accurate enough to help you evaluate alternatives. G3.2. UsageH At the Main Menu screen, select option '1' when prompted for the option that you want. The program will then prompt you for the necessary input values. For all input prompts, a default value is shown in square brackets ( [...] ) following the usage description. This value is either the built-in default or the last value entered by you. To use the value shown, simply press the 'Return' key. To override this value with your own, simply type your value following the prompt. You start by entering the number of times each week that the members of your household use hot water for the purpose stated. If the usage varies from the amount shown below, adjust the estimate accordingly. (For instance, if each member of your four member household takes a 5 minute shower every night, the Page 3.1 Hot Water Usage TeliSolar estimate would be 7 showers times 4 members for a total of 28 five minute showers per week. However, if one member takes 10 minute showers, the estimate would be 7 showers times 3 members plus 7 showers times the equivalent of 2 members for a total of 35 five minute showers per week.) After answering the hot water usage questions, the screen should look similar to this: +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | FOR EACH OF THE ITEMS BELOW, INDICATE THE NUMBER OF USES/WEEK. | | | | BATH/SHOWER [ 21.00 ] | | LAUNDRY (HOT WATER) [ 3.00 ] | | LAUNDRY (WARM WATER) [ 4.00 ] | | DISHWASHER [ 12.00 ] | | WASHING DISHES BY HAND [ 2.00 ] | | HAND AND FACE WASHING [ 18.00 ] | | FOOD PREPARATION USING HOT WATER [ 2.00 ] | | OTHER HOT WATER USAGE (IN GAL.) [ 50.00 ] | | | | Total weekly hot water use in gallons is 730 | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ The last line shows the amount of hot water used each week. Next, you must enter the input and output water temperature for your hot water heater. The temperature of the input water depends on the season of the year and the location of your house. Typically, it is about 50 to 55 degrees. The temperature of the water leaving the hot water heater is controlled by the thermostat on the heater. This is usually set at about 140 degrees by the factory or installer. Then, you must enter the type of fuel used to heat the water. The choices are 'E' for electricity, 'O' for fuel oil, 'G' for natural gas, or 'P' for propane. Lastly, you must enter the price you pay for a kilowatt-hour (for electricity), 100 cubic feet (for gas), or gallon (for oil or propane). This price should be on your utility bill. National averages are $0.07 per kilowatt-hour, $0.59 per 100 cubic feet, $1.20 per gallon of oil, and $0.50 per gallon of propane (as of December 1982). After answering these questions, the screen should look similar to this: Page 3.2 TeliSolar Hot Water Usage +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | FOR EACH OF THE ITEMS BELOW, INDICATE THE NUMBER OF USES/WEEK. | | | | BATH/SHOWER [ 21.00 ] | | LAUNDRY (HOT WATER) [ 3.00 ] | | LAUNDRY (WARM WATER) [ 4.00 ] | | DISHWASHER [ 12.00 ] | | WASHING DISHES BY HAND [ 2.00 ] | | HAND AND FACE WASHING [ 18.00 ] | | FOOD PREPARATION USING HOT WATER [ 2.00 ] | | OTHER HOT WATER USAGE (IN GAL.) [ 50.00 ] | | | | Total weekly hot water use in gallons is 730 | | | | Temperature of inlet water [ 50.00 ] | | Temperature of hot water outlet [ 140.00 ] | | Enter fuel type : (E)lectricty,(O)il,(G)as, or (P)ropane [G]? | | Enter fuel cost ($/100 cu ft) [ .35 ] | | | | | | Estimated total annual BTU's used is 36,070,000 | | Estimated total annual cost to heat hot water is $184.11 | | | | | | Graphic display of usage (Y or N)? Mode is HOT WATER. | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ G3.3. HelpH At any of the prompts for input values, you may enter a "-1" for the value to get 'help' information. If you do this at this point, you will see a display which contains the following information: This mode is used to calculate the yearly hot water usage and cost based on the hot water usage habits of your family. Simply answer each query with the estimated number of times each week that hot water is used for the purpose indicated. The program will then total up the gallons used for the week, multipy by 52 to get a yearly total (since the hot water usage should be fairly constant week to week), and calculate the yearly BTU usage and dollar cost using a cost factor which depends on the fuel type (gas, oil, or electricity) and the dollar cost per unit. The dollar cost per unit is typically as follows: Page 3.3 Hot Water Usage TeliSolar Electricity - $0.070/KWHR Gas - $0.590/therm Oil - $1.200/gal. Propane - $0.500/gal. The inlet temperature is the water temperature entering your water heater. This depends on your location and the season of the year; among other things. The outlet temperature is the water temperature coming out of the heater. This is controlled by the thermostat on the water heater and is usually set to about 140 degrees by the manufacturer or installer. When ready, hit any key. G3.4. ApplicationH If you are considering installing a hot water solar pre-heater, a major factor to consider is the cost of the solar equipment. An equally important factor to consider, however, is the amount you now spend to own and operate a conventional water heater. The amount that can be saved by switching to solar will depend on what you now spend. This section of the program will help you estimate the current costs and potential yearly savings. By choosing this option multiple times and changing the appropriate values, you can easily see the impact of higher energy costs, taking shorter showers, using cold water to wash with, turning down the thermostat on your hot water heater, or taking any number of other energy-conserving measures. The values determined here may be used in conjunction with the "Solar flux striking a solar collector" option (No. 2) and the "Solar collector sizing calculation" option (No. 5) to calculate the approximate size of solar collector panels needed if you are considering installing a solar hot water pre-heater system. You can also use them in conjunction with the 'Return on energy-saving investment' option (No. 4) to determine how long it will take to "pay for" an investment made in upgrading or improving your hot water heating system. Page 3.4 TeliSolar Hot Water Usage G3.5. TheoryH This section details the mathematical model used in determining the amount of energy needed to heat hot water and the resulting cost. No. of Gallons/ Uses Use Wu = Bath/shower x 15 + Laundry (hot) x 25 + Laundry (warm) x 15 + Dishwasher x 15 + Washing dishes by hand x 4 + Washing face & hands x 2 + Food preparation x 3 + Other where: Wu is hot water used in gallons Then the energy used is given by: Fu = [ (Wu x Hu x 52) + Es ] x Ff where: Fu = Fuel used (energy used) Wu = Hot water used from above Hu = Heat units or thousands of BTUs needed each week to heat one gallon of water from 50 F to 140 F. It is 0.75 Es = Energy to store the hot water. It is the heat units needed to maintain the temperature in the hot water heater and to account for heat loss from the tank and pipes. It is 5000 for an electric heater and 7600 otherwise. Ff = Fuel Factor or the number that takes into account the different amounts of heat produced by the different fuels. It is 0.293 for electricity, 0.010 for oil, 0.013 for natural gas, and 0.015 for propane. The annual cost can then be determined: Cost = Fu x Fc where: Fu = Fuel used from above Fc = Fuel cost or the price per basic unit of fuel Page 3.5 Hot Water Usage TeliSolar Page 3.6 E44. SOLAR FLUX STRIKING COLLECTOR5 45F G4.1. IntroductionH As the cost of fuel skyrockets, many people are looking for ways to conserve fuel or use alternate methods for heating and cooling. This option, used in conjunction with other options contained in this package, can be used to evaluate the desirability of harnessing some of the sun's energy. The most immediately noticeable and cheapest use of solar energy will be the heating of hot water. The technology currently exists for the average homeowner to afford and install a solar hot water pre-heater. For the homeowner living in an area of high energy costs, the cost of a solar hot water pre-heater may be recovered in a few years; especially considering the current federal and state tax credits available. The solar collectors in common use today consist of a thin plate of metal (usually copper, stainless steel, or aluminum sealed behind a glass panel and thermally bonded to metal tubes. A fluid such as water or antifreeze passes through the tubes and absorbs heat from the tubes which are heated by the flat plates. This heated water is then pumped through a heat exchanger which transfers the heat from the solar heated medium to water stored in a hot water heater. In areas with very high fuel costs, such as the Northeast and Midwest, the cost of a solar hot water pre-heater can be a very worthwhile investment. For instance, a solar hot water pre-heater can be purchased (exclusive of installation) for about $2500 at the time of this writing. Federal and state tax credits can save you $1200 to $1500; which means the after tax cost of the solar system is $1000 to $1500. The most important factor relating to the installation of a solar collector is its orientation. It is very important that it be oriented to face as close to south as possible. The position of the house, sun availability, heating load periods, and the earth latitude of the house must all be considered when designing the system. Trade-offs must be made among all these factors. Also, information regarding the timing and amount of solar energy available is required during the design and trade-off study. It is particularly helpful to be able to predict the amount of heat collected based on the various factors described above when it comes to the determination of collector placement. The most heat can be collected when the surface of the collector exactly faces (i.e., is perpendicular to) the light from the sun. This means that the proper orientation of the collectors (i.e., tilt angle with respect to horizontal and the azimuth angle with respect to true south) is extremely important. There are other factors to Page 4.1 Solar Flux Striking Collector TeliSolar consider during the design and trade-off studies, but the placement is probably the single most important factor. This option is included to make the placement trade-off study as easy as possible. It uses a simulation model of the theoretical maximum amount of direct sunlight striking a tilted flat plate collector. It calculates the number of Btu's per square foot per hour striking a flat plate based on the tilt angle and azimuth. The three inputs needed to use the model are: o Latitude. If you don't know the degrees latitude of your city, an easy way to get it is either from a map containing latitude/longitude lines or by calling the nearest airport and asking for it. The latitudes of several major U.S. and Canadian cities are listed in Appendix B. o Tilt angle. This is the angle measured from the horizontal to the surface of the collector. An upright wall (vertical surface) has a tilt angle of 90 degrees. o Azimuth. This is the angle that the surface makes with respect to true south. Degrees east is entered as a positive number and degrees west is entered as a negative number. In addition to the above inputs, the program also needs the average number of sunny days for each month for your area. These values are stored in the file 'INITVAL.SOL' (along with other values needed by the program). These values should be installed to match the values determined for your area before using the program. G4.2. UsageH At the Main Menu screen, select option '2' when prompted for the option that you want. The program will then ask for each of the three inputs described above in order. At each prompt, either enter the value which applies to your situation or press the 'Return' key to use the default value shown in brackets. Entering a "-1" for a value for any of the three prompts will display the same "HELP" screen which provides a short description of the values needed for input. The program will then calculate the daily and monthly heat available to be collected by a flat plate collector based on your location and the defined orientation of the collector. Page 4.2 TeliSolar Solar Flux Striking Collector G4.3. HelpH At any of the prompts for input values, you may enter a "-1" for the value to get 'help' information. If you do this at this point, you will see a display which contains the following information: This mode is used to calculate the amount of heat (BTUs) collected on a solar flat plate collector per hour-ft^2. The calculations depend on your latitude, the tilt angle of the collector (see below), and the angle from true south. It is used in conjunction with the hot water usage mode and the yearly heating load to determine the size of solar panel collector area needed. This is a 3 step process: Step 1 - Run either the hot water mode or the yearly heating load mode to get BTUs needed. Step 2 - Run this mode to calculate the solar radiation hitting a collector. Step 3 - Run the collector sizing mode to calculate ft^2. \ ^ True S. Collector / Azimuth \ | | / | \ | ---->/ Tilt angle. ------> \ | / \ | /________Horiz. \ | _______\__|_________ | House | When ready, hit any key. G4.4. ApplicationH This option may be used in conjunction with options 1 and 5 or 3 and 5 to design a solar collector. It will give you the first item of necessary information; namely, how much sunlight may be collected in your area. Using an example house with the following values: o Latitude = 39.5 o Tilt angle = 35 degrees o Azimuth = 10 degrees east Page 4.3 Solar Flux Striking Collector TeliSolar you get the following output: +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | FOR FOLLOWING QUERIES, ANSWER WITH DECIMAL VALUES: | | | | Latitude of your position [ 39.00 ] | | Tilt angle relative to horizonal [ 35.00 ] | | Azimuth with respect to true south [ 18.00 ] | | | | Solar radiation on a flat collector | | | | Month Btus/ Average sunny Btus/ | | day-ft^2 days/month month-ft^2 | | | | Jan - 1468 25 36700 | | Feb - 1816 25 45400 | | Mar - 2109 25 52725 | | Apr - 2255 25 56375 | | May - 2253 25 56325 | | Jun - 2222 25 55550 | | Jul - 2236 25 55900 | | Aug - 2232 25 55800 | | Sep - 2091 25 52275 | | Oct - 1787 25 44675 | | Nov - 1449 25 36225 | | Dec - 1322 25 33050 | | | | Graphic display of flux (Y or N)? Mode is SOLAR ENERGY | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ Then, using the default values in option 3 for the example house, you get the heat-load value of approximately 93 million BTUs. Next, use 'Solar collector sizing calculation' (option 5) to get the collector size needed to heat the example house. Here, you will need the collector efficiency. In many states, each manufacturer is required to state an efficiency factor for its product (a good estimate is between 60 - 75%). Using the default setting of 75% and an average case calculation, the desired collector size is calculated: about 185 square feet. Experiment with the model using different tilt angles or azimuth values to calculate results for various schemes. You can easily see how varying these values changes the amount of collector size needed. Since the collectors are the single largest cost factor in a complete solar system, you should optimize these parameters to get the smallest collector size Page 4.4 TeliSolar Solar Flux Striking Collector possible. G4.5. TheoryH The solar flux calculations presented in this section of the program are for the 21st day of each month. The model used here was derived from 4Principles of Solar5 4Engineering 5 by Kreith and Kreider (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978). The mathematical equations for the model follow. 1. Solar incidence outside the earth's atmosphere (the solar constant) Io = 429(1 + 0.034 x cos(360 x N / 365)) where: N = day number 2. Solar declination D = 23.45 x sin(360 x (284 + N) / 365) where: N = day number 3. Mass of air along the path of light M = [ (1229 + (614 x sin(alpha)^2)) ^ 1/2 - [ 614 x sin(alpha) ] where: alpha = solar altitude sin(alpha) = sin(L) x sin(D) + cos(L) x cos(D) x cos(H) L = latitude D = solar declination (from above) H = solar hour angle 4. Solar incidence attenuated by air mass Is = Io x 0.56 x (e^(-0.65M) + e^(-.095M)) where: e = base of natural logarithm M = Mass of air along the path of light (from above) 5. Solar power on a tilted flat plate Ip = Is x cos(i) where: Page 4.5 Solar Flux Striking Collector TeliSolar i = angle of incidence cos(i) = sin(D) x sin(L) x cos(T) - cos(L) x sin(T) x cos(A) + cos(D) x cos(H) x cos(L) x cos(T) + sin(L) x sin(T) x cos(A) + cos(D) x sin(T) x sin(A) x sin(H) T = tilt angle A = azimuth (true south = 0) Page 4.6 E45. HEAT LOSS5 45F G5.1. IntroductionH Heat is lost from or enters into a building by two principal methods: transmission and infiltration. Transmission is the movement of energy (heat) through a solid from the hotter side to the colder side. Typically in a building, this movement (flow) is through surfaces such as floors, walls, ceilings, doors, and windows. The rate at which the heat moves through the surface depends on the difference in temperature between the two sides of the surface and the material from which it is made. Different materials have different resistances to the flow of heat through them. This resistance to heat flow is known as R-value. The greater the R-value, the greater the resistance, or in other words, the less the heat flow through the material. R-value ratings for common building materials are well known and can be used to determine the heat loss for a surface. R-values are expressed in units of Btu/sq ft/hr/degree F. A surface with a R-value of 20 is losing heat at the rate of 0.05 (1/R-value) Btu/sq ft/hr/degree F. If the area of the surface through which the heat is flowing is 250 square feet, and the difference in temperature between the two sides is 10 degree F, the heat loss is 125 Btu/hour. Since it is not possible to calculate the heat loss constantly as the outside temperature changes during the day, an average difference between the inside and outside temperatures is needed in order to calculate the heat loss through a building surface. A generally available figure for this average is known as a degree-day. A degree-day is the temperature difference between 65 F and the average temperature of the day. For example, on a given day for which the high is 40 F and the low is 20 F, the average temperature is 30 F. The day, then contains 35 degree-days. A building's heat loss is then calculated as the number of Btus/hr/degree F multiplied by 24 hours, multiplied by the number of degree-days. Infiltration is defined as the movement of air through openings in the building. These usually consist of cracks around ill-fitting doors and windows, or fireplace openings. Movement of air also occurs when outside doors are opened. Infiltration is most easily calculated in terms of "air changes per hour", which describes the number of times each hour that the air in the building is replaced with outside air. This air must then be heated or cooled anew which adds significantly to the energy requirements. Most buildings designed today have from 0.2 Page 5.1 Heat loss TeliSolar to 1.0 air changes per hour (AC/hr). Infiltration losses can also be due to running fans which vent to the outside. These fans pull air from inside the building and vent it to the outside. The air lost through these fans is then replaced with air that must again be heated or cooled, thus adding still more to the energy requirements. Fans are usually located in the kitchen over the stove and in the bathrooms. For solar heat loss calculations, a good number to choose would be 1.0 AC/hr. For a structure having a volume of 10,000 cubic feet and 1.0 AC/hr., and a day having 35 heating degree-days, the heat loss due to infiltration would be 151,200 Btus. Adding all transmission losses through the building elements and the infiltration losses will give the total heat loss of the structure. This option of the program provides a convenient method to calculate this heat loss for a building of your design. G5.2. UsageH At the Main Menu screen, select option '3' when prompted for the option that you want. The program will then present you with a choice of three different options from which to choose. The 'C' option will use the current values of the building elements (the default values built into the database if you haven't defined any yet and show you an example output. The 'E' option will allow you to edit the building elements currently defined to the program. The third option, 'N' allows you to define your own house or building. To use this option to model a house or building, you must first define the building to the program. This definition may be as complicated or as simple as you wish. Basically, the definition consists of the R-value and area (in square feet) for each of the surfaces that are exposed to the outside air or through which heat may be lost. For purposes of illustration, we will define a hypothetical house (see figures 1 and 2): It has two 3' by 7' doors; six 3' by 3' windows; two 8' by 30' walls; two 8' by 50' walls; and one 30' by 50' ceiling/roof. The following page shows a front and top view of the hypothetical house which will be used in the examples in this manual. Page 5.2 TeliSolar Heat loss Figure 1 Page 5.3 Heat loss TeliSolar Figure 2 Page 5.4 TeliSolar Heat loss Figure 2 shows a detail of how the walls, ceiling, and roof of the house is constructed. We must first calculate the area of each of the surfaces through which heat flows: Windows - 3'x3' = 9ft^2 times 6 windows = 48 ft^2 Doors - 3'x7' = 21ft^2 times 2 doors = 42 ft^2 Walls - 8'x50' = 400ft^2 times 2 walls + 8'x30' = 240ft^2 times 2 walls - windows and doors = 550 ft^2 Walls - 3'x47' brick front = 141 ft^2 Roof - 30'x50' (includes ceiling and attic) = 1500ft^2 Next, we need to determine the R-value of each of the surfaces. This may be done manually using the Table of R-values given in Appendix C, or may be done with program assistance by entering a '-1' when prompted for the R-value for each surface. See Section 4, 'HELP', for information on how to use the program assistance. Windows - (assuming dual pane) = 1.67 Doors - (assuming 1 1/4" wooden door) = 1.56 Walls - Air film = 0.68 1/2" Gypsum board = 0.45 3 1/2" fiberglass batts =11.00 1/2" plywood = 0.62 1" wood siding = 1.00 = 13.75 Walls - (brick fronting) = 14.05 Roof - (assuming roof and ceiling) air film = 0.60 1/2" gypsum board = 0.45 3 1/2" fiberglass batts =11.00 still air = 1.14 Air film = 0.60 1/2 plywood = 0.62 tar paper = 0.05 Asphalt shingles = 0.44 = 14.90 Then, determine the infiltration load on the house. This occurs in two different fashions: one is the use of a ventilating fan (in the bathroom, for instance); and the other is due to air changes because of leaks, opening of doors, etc. The first one, forced ventilation, is straight-forward. It is simply the rated capacity of the fan(s) in cubic feet per minute (CPM) times the estimated on-time. The second one, however, is considerably more difficult. All buildings have some unwanted outside air infiltration. The simplest way to think of this infiltration is the number of total air changes per hour. This can be thought of Page 5.5 Heat loss TeliSolar as the number of times per hour that all of the air in the building is replaced with new air from outside. These air changes per hour (AC/hr) can vary from as low as 0.2 to as high as 2.0. See the following table for rough guidelines for AC/hr of typical houses. The AC/hr is difficult to measure or estimate, so your own best educated guess is probably as good as any. Table I lists typical AC/hr values for several differently constructed houses. Table I ------------------------------------------------------- | Construction | AC/hour | ------------------------------------------------------- | Super insulated - Special design | 0.2 | | to limit infiltration. | | | Tight constructed - new storm doors| 0.7 | | & windows, caulking around doors,| | | windows, & foundation. | | | Average - old doors & windows, old | 1.0 | | caulking & weatherstripping | | | 10 to 25 years old - no storm | 1.5 | | windows,caulking, or stripping | | | Older than 25 years - drafty, | 2.0 | | windows & doors loose | | | | | ------------------------------------------------------- The last two items needed are the volume of the building and the number of heating degree-days and cooling degree-days. The volume can be calculated by multiplying the length of the building by its width by its height. For example, the volume for our hypothetical house is 12000 cubic feet. For a tri-level house, calculate the volume for each level separately and then add the volumes together. The heating/cooling degree-days depend on the climatological environment where the building is located. Typical values for several cities in the U.S. and Canada are given in Appendix B. Degree-day data is also available for various U.S. cities from the U.S. Weather Service (see references 1-4). Page 5.6 TeliSolar Heat loss After providing the necessary inputs, the screen should look similar to the following (some lines may have scrolled off the top of the screen): +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Enter title of this run. | | ? Test case with 5 building elements and basement | | Enter air changes/hour [ 1.00 ] | | Fan capacity in cubic ft/minute [ 10.00 ] 0.0 | | What is the heating degree-days [ 6473.00 ] | | What is the cooling degree-days [ 1075.00 ] | | Enter volume of building [ 12000.00 ] | | Do you want to consider basement floors? yes | | Enter width of basement [ 0.00 ] 30.0 | | Enter length of basement [ 0.00 ] 50.0 | | Enter depth of basement [ 0.00 ] 8.0 | | Do you want to consider below-grade walls? yes | | Enter width of basement [ 30.00 ] | | Enter length of basement [ 50.00 ] | | Enter depth of basement [ 8.00 ] | | Enter depth of wall insulation [ 0.00 ] 2.0 | | Enter R-value of wall insulation [ 0.00 ] 19.6 | | Press 'ENTER' for 'Surface Name' when done. | | Enter surface name ? Windows | | Enter surface area 48 | | Enter R-value of surface 1.67 | | Enter surface name ? Doors | | Enter surface area 42 | | Enter R-value of surface 1.56 | | Enter surface name ? Walls | | Enter surface area 550 | | Enter R-value of surface 13.75 | | Enter surface name ? Walls - brick | | Enter surface area 141 | | Enter R-value of surface 14.05 | | Enter surface name ? Roof | | Enter surface area 1500 | | Enter R-value of surface 14.90 | | Enter surface name ? | | | | -1 = help. Units = American. Mode is ENERGY LOAD. | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ Page 5.7 Heat loss TeliSolar After defining the last building surface, the program will calculate the heat loss through each building element (shown on the output in the "UA" column) and the percentage of the total heat that is lost through that element (shown on the output in the "LOAD %" column). The program will then produce a display similar to the following: +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | SURFACE AREA R UA LOAD | | NAME (FT^2) BTU/HR-DEG F % | | --------------------+-------------+--------+------------+------- | | Windows 48.00 1.67 28.74 5.17 | | Doors 42.00 1.56 26.92 4.84 | | Walls 550.00 13.75 40.00 7.20 | | Walls - brick 141.00 14.05 10.04 1.81 | | Roof 1500.00 14.90 100.67 18.12 | | Basement floor 1500.00 50.00 30.00 5.40 | | Below-grade walls 1120.00 10.54 106.24 19.12 | | | | | | AIR EXCHANGE SOURCE AC RATE VENT RATE ENERGY LOAD | | AC/HR FT^3/HR BTU/HR-DEG F % | | --------------------+-------------+--------+------------+------- | | Air infiltration 1.00 12000.0 213.12 38.35 | | Forced ventilation 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 | | | | | | Yearly heating requirement is 86.33413 million BTU's | | Yearly cooling requirement is 14.33789 million BTU's | | | | | | Do you want a graphic display of load? Mode is HEATING LOAD | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ After defining the building elements and seeing the results of the heat loss calculations, you should return to the Main Menu and choose option 7 to save your building definition. When you choose option 7, the program will prompt you for a filename into which it will store the necessary information to recover the building elements. Then, on subsequent runs, you choose option 8 to re-load your previously defined building. At any time, you can edit the building definition (see next section), but you must then re-save it using option 7. Page 5.8 TeliSolar Heat loss G5.3. EdittingH As described earlier in the 'Usage' section, you may choose to display the currently defined building, define a new building, or edit the existing building definition. If you choose the latter option, a display will appear with a list of the currently defined building elements preceded by a number in parenthesis. For the following, assume the number of building elements is "n". o Entering a "-1" will allow you to add new building elements to the currently defined list. You will be asked for the name of the surface to be added, its area, and its R-value. For the R-value, you may enter a "-1" to use the advanced help features described in the next section. o Entering a "0" accepts the editting you have done and displays the results as if you had chosen the "C" option. o Entering a "1" to "n" from the list of elements shown will edit that building element. After choosing this option, you will be asked if you want to edit the Area or the R-value of the element. Type either an "A" or an "R". If you type an "A", the program will then prompt you for the new area to replace the currently defined one for that element. If you type an "R", the program will prompt you for the new R-value to replace the currently defined one for that element. You may respond with a "-1" to get the advanced help capabilities described in the next section. After exitting 'Help' mode, press 'Return' to accept the R-value generated. o Entering a "n+1" value will allow you to edit the number of heating/cooling degree-days, the fan run time, etc. You may edit or add as many elements as you wish. G5.4. HelpH At any of the prompts for input values, you may enter a "-1" for the value to get 'help' information. If you do this at this point, you will see a display which contains the following information: This mode is used to calculate the amount of energy needed to heat or cool a building (usually a house) defined by the user. After inputting a number of loading and weather related factors, the user inputs the area and R-value for each of the different kinds of building surfaces (i.e., walls, roof/ceiling, doors, windows, etc). When inputting the R-values, a -1 will Page 5.9 Heat loss TeliSolar provide a list of materials from which to choose. Simply move the hi-lite to the material desired using the cursor keys and press the '+' key. If you made a mistake, use the '-' key to subtract out the R-value. If the thickness is not sufficient for your needs, use the '*' to multiply the given R-value by the necessary number to get the R-value needed. To provide a known R-value for a material not listed, use the '?' key. It will ask for a value to be entered. When all materials and/or R-values have been chosen and entered, use the '=' key to accept the accumulated R-value. The items needed for this option are as follows: a) The number of times that all of the air in the building is replaced with new air from outside (air changes per hour). b) The total capacity of all fans in the building (CPM) c) The number of minutes per day that the fans run. d) The number of heating degree-days for your area (available from a number of solar energy books). e) The number of cooling degree-days for your area. f) The total volume of the building being defined (ft^3). When ready, hit any key. This option contains some advanced help capabilities to assist the user in getting R-values for the surfaces being defined. When prompted for the R-value when defining the structure for the first time or when editing a surface element, entering a '-1' for the R-value will cause a 'Help' screen containing R-values for several of the more common building materials to appear. The first R-value, in the upper left hand corner of the screen will be hi-lighted, and the accumulated R-value (namely, 0.0) will appear in the upper right hand corner of the screen. As each R-value is chosen, this value will increase to show the latest summation. To get the total R-value for any given surface, you must move the cursor to each of the materials composing that surface and cause it to be added in to the accumulating total. The cursor is moved to the material of choice by using the cursor positioning keys (i.e., the up, down, left, and right arrow keys) until the material is hi-lighted. When the desired material is hi-lighted, any of the following options are available: 1. Add the selected R-value to the accumulated R-value. You do this by using the '+' key. It will add the R-value of the Page 5.10 TeliSolar Heat loss material hi-lighted to the accumulated value shown in the upper right hand corner. 2. Subtract the selected R-value from the accumulated R-value. You do this by using the '-' key. It will subtract the R-value of the material hi-lighted from the accumulated value shown in the upper right hand corner. This is useful when you make a mistake and add one in you don't want. 3. Add in your own R-value. You do this by using the '?' key. It will prompt you for an R-value which it will then add to the accumulated value shown in the upper right hand corner. You can use this to add in values for materials which are not listed and for which you have determined the R-value from other sources. (This value may be negative, which would, in effect, subtract the R-value out of the accumulated value). 4. Multiply the hi-lighted R-value by a factor. You do this by using the '*' key. It will multiply the R-value of the material hi-lighted by a factor which the program prompts you for and adds it to the accumulated R-value. You would use this when the given thickness of the material is not right for your application. For instance, suppose you used 2 inches of plaster on one of your walls. Since no 2 inch plaster option is available, you must position the cursor to the '1 in. plaster' option and then press the '*' key. When prompted for the multiply factor, you would enter a '2'. The R-value (0.2) would be multiplied by two and added to the accumulated value. (Again, this value may be a negative number). 5. Accept the accumulated R-value for the value of the surface. You do this by using the '=' key. This will put you back to the screen at which you entered the '-1' and display the value following the prompt. To accept this as the R-value for the surface, simply press the 'Return' key. For an example, let's use the house we defined earlier. Specifically, let's use the 'Help' screen to calculate the R-value for the lower portion of the wall (that portion with the brick front). To do this, we would type in a '-1' when prompted for the R-value. The 'Help' will appear with the '1/4 in. Plywood 0.31' hi-lighted. Then: 1. Using the right arrow key, move the cursor over to the right column. Using the down arrow key, move the cursor down to the material 'Inside vertical air film'. Press the '+' key. 2. Using the left arrow key, move the cursor over to the left column. Using the down arrow key, move the cursor down to the '1/2 in. Gypsum board'. Press the '+' key. 3. Using the up arrow key, move the cursor up to the '1/2 in. Plywood'. Press the '+' key. Page 5.11 Heat loss TeliSolar 4. Using the down arrow key, move the cursor down to the 'Wooden siding shingles'. Press the '+' key. 5. Using the up arrow key, move the cursor up to the '1 in. brick'. Press the '*' key. When asked for the multiply factor, enter '2.5' since the brick siding is 2 and 1/2 inches thick and the given R-value is for only one inch thick brick. 6. Using the down arrow key, move the cursor to the '6 in. Fiberglass batts'. 7. Press the '+' key. 8. The accumulated R-value shown in the upper right hand corner should now be 21.93. Press the '=' key to accept this as the necessary R-value. G5.5. ApplicationH Heat, of course, tends to flow from hot places to cold places. Therefore, in summer heat flows into our living or working environment and must be "pumped" back outdoors with a type of heat pump called an air conditioner. In winter, the heat flows out of our environment and must be replaced by burning some form of fuel to run a furnace or heater. Both of these methods have one thing in common: they cost money to implement and operate. Alarming increases in the price of fuel and electricity have caused the energy portion of our cost of living to rival rent or mortgage payments. In an attempt to reduce these costs, the homeowner must first decide where to concentrate the energy-saving effort. This option automates the calculations needed to determine the energy requirements of a building. Once all of the building components have been modelled and major areas of winter heat loss or summer heat gain have been determined, it is then obvious which areas deserve attention. Using this option, along with option 4, allows one to determine heating and cooling load savings by changing building designs, such as adding more insulation in the ceiling or weatherstripping doors and windows to reduce air infiltration. It also shows the areas where one should not spend time nor money. For example, if the heating/cooling load through the doors of a building amount to 2.3% of the total load, it would probably not be cost effective to spend money upgrading the door to a more energy-efficient door to reduce the load due to the door to 1.7%. The money would be better spent reducing the load in other areas; such as more insulation and weatherstripping, for instance. See the "Application" section in the "Economic Considerations" chapter for an example application of the "Heat Loss" option. Page 5.12 TeliSolar Heat loss Experiment with your house definition using different R-values, air changes, and fan run times to calculate results for various schemes. You can quickly and easily see how varying these values changes the heating/cooling load and percent loss through the different components. G5.6. TheoryH There are four factors which contribute to the heating and cooling load of a structure. These are: o Conduction o Convection o Radiation o Infiltration We will consider each of these separately and then show how they are related to the heating and cooling load. Conduction Conduction is the flow of heat through a solid material. The heat transfer rate due to conduction is determined using the formula: Qc = K x A x (Ti - To)/(delta X) (1) where: Qc = Heat transfer rate in BTU/hr A = Cross sectional area in square feet (ft^2) (Ti-To) = Temperature difference in degrees Fahrenheit (delta X) = Material thickness in feet K = Thermal conductivity in BTU/hr-ft^2-F As described earlier, R-value is the resistance of a material to heat flow through it. R-value is another way of describing thermal conductivity for a given thickness of material. R = R-value = (delta X)/K (2) By substituting, we get the following equation which is easier to use since building materials have R-value ratings instead of Page 5.13 Heat loss TeliSolar thermal conductivities: Qc = A x (Ti - To) / R (3) If we build a wall with fiberglass insulation sandwiched between a sheet of gypsum board and a sheet of asphalt-impregnated plywood, the total R-value will be the sum of the R-values for all three materials since the heat must flow through all three materials. Rt = Rg + Ri + Rp (4) Convection Convection may be either free or forced, depending on whether the medium (gas or liquid) is in motion or not. Convective heat transfer is a complicated process that is beyond the scope of this manual (and program) to explain, so we use a simplified equation to determine the heat flow: Qv = h x A x (Tair - Tsurface) (5) where: h = Heat transfer coefficient A = Cross sectional area (Ta-Ts) = Temperature difference R-values have been calculated for the areas of convective heat flow associated with building analysis (inside horizontal and vertical air films, attic air spaces, and outside air films). These R-values are equivalent to 1/h. Hence, equation (5) becomes: Qv = A x (Tair - Tsurface) / R (6) which looks just like that for conduction. Radiation Radiation transfer proceeds unimpeded in a vacuum. It is emitted by all surfaces whose temperatures are above absolute zero. The equation for determining the heat flow due to radiation is: Page 5.14 TeliSolar Heat loss Qr = e x A x s x (Ti^4 - To^4) (7) where: e = emissivity which is a measure of the ability of a surface to emit radiant heat A = Cross sectional area s = Constant of proportionality (Ti^4-To^4) = Temperature difference In cases where radiation is important in building heat flow, convection is also involved, so that the radiation effect may be added to the convective R-value. The R-values listed here include the radiant heat flow value where necessary. Infiltration Infiltration is the unwanted loss of heated air to the outside and the subsequent replacement of that air with cold air from the outside. When the outside air enters a conditioned space, it must be heated (or cooled) to the temperature of the conditioned space. The energy, Qi, necessary to do this is given by: Qi = V x D x SH x (Ti - To) (8) where: V = Volume of air displaced in ft^3 D = Density (air = 0.074) lb/ft^3 SH = Specific Heat (air = 0.24) BTU/lb-F The volume of infiltration is given in cubic feet per minute (CPM). This gives: Qi = 1.07 x CFM x (Ti - To) (9) Heat Loss To calculate the total heat loss (Qt) from a building, then, we need to add all the heat loss values through all the possible paths (walls, doors, windows, ceiling, etc). Qt = Qw + Qd + . . . (10) = (Aw / Rw) x (Tiw - Tow) + . . . (11) where: Qt = Total heat loss Page 5.15 Heat loss TeliSolar Qw = Heat loss through walls Qd = Heat loss through doors Aw = Area of walls Rw = R-value of walls Tiw = Temperature of inside wall surface Tow = Temperature of outside wall surface Since the temperature difference is simply the difference between the inside and outside temperatures, and is essentially the same for all paths, equation (9) becomes: Qt = ( Aw/Rw + Ad/Rd + . . . ) x (Ti - To) (12) Since it is nearly impossible to get the temperature difference all the time for a building to use in the determination of the heat loss, it becomes necessary to use an average value determined over a long period of time. This value is available for various U.S. cities and is called the degree-day. Heating degree-days are usually based on an inside temperature of 65 F and is a measure of the average temperature difference between the inside and outside temperatures which are needed for several of the calculations presented here. Using degree-days, our equation for heat loss now becomes: Qt = (SUM(Asurface/Rsurface) + Qi) x degree-days x 24 (13) Page 5.16 E46. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS5 45F G6.1. IntroductionH The first three options give you a simplified method of calculating heat loss and energy usage, but you may well be wondering if it would be worth while to do anything about the energy consumption. With the high cost of energy these days, the most obvious answer would seem to be an unqualified YES! However, you may find, from a purely financial point of view, that investing your money in some high-yield investment will provide more return than the energy savings due to a capital investment on an energy saving home improvement. The fourth option, "Return on energy-saving investments", provides the user with a means of evaluating an energy saving home improvement against investing an equal amount in some other investment, such as savings account, stocks, T-bills, etc. After using either option 1 or 3 two or more times to get the energy savings due to some change such as adding storm windows or insulation or a solar hot water pre-heater, this option can then be used to determine if the amount of capital needed to purchase the material and labor is a good investment financially. (Remember, this option can only determine if the investment is good or bad in financial terms, not on whether you should or shouldn't because you are or aren't an energy conservationist). A fairly simple method of determining the financial soundness of an investment of this type is one called discounted payback. This method takes into account the amount of capital invested, the savings effected by that investment, the fuel escalation rate, the general inflation rate, and the income from investing the capital in other investments. This method allows you to calculate how long it would take for the money saved each year on energy cost savings to pay back the amount of capital invested on the energy saving improvement. G6.2. UsageH At the Main Menu screen, select option '4' when prompted for the desired option. The program will then request several input values. At each prompt, enter the value which applies to your situation or press the 'Return' key (<--') to accept the default value shown in brackets. The following inputs are needed: 1. General inflation rate (percent) - This is the current general inflation rate. Enter it as a percent (i.e., 75). Page 6.1 Economic Considerations TeliSolar 2. Investment yield rate (percent) - This is the yield that could be obtain if you invested the same amount of capital in some other investment (stocks, money markets, etc). 3. Fuel escalation rate (percent) - This is the rate at which fuel costs are going up each year. 4. Energy-saving investment cost ($) - This is the amount of money which you spent on the energy saving improvement. 5. Heating load savings (million btus) - This is the amount of energy saved as determined by using option 1 or 3 two times (once before the improvement and once after the improvement). 6. Cost of heating ($/fuel unit) - This is the amount that fuel costs for heating. 7. Fuel type - This is the type of fuel used to heat the building (electricity, oil, gas, or propane) 8. Cooling load savings (million btus)- This is the amount of energy needed for cooling that is saved (as described in step 5 above). 9. Cost of cooling ($/fuel unit) - This is the amount that fuel costs for cooling. 10. Fuel type - Same as step 7 above except used for cooling. After providing the necessary input, the screen should look similar to the following: +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | General inflation rate (percent) [ 6.00 ] | | Investment yield rate (percent) [ 9.00 ] | | Fuel escalation rate (percent) [ 11.00 ] | | Energy-saving investment cost ($) [ 450.00 ] | | Heating load savings (million btus [ 8.00 ] | | Cost of heating ($/unit) [ 7.50 ] 0.08 | | Enter fuel type : (E)lec,(O)il,(G)as,(P)ropane [G]? e | | Cooling load savings (million btus [ 4.00 ] | | Cost of cooling ($/unit) [ 6.00 ] 0.08 | | Enter fuel type : (E)lec,(O)il,(G)as,(P)ropane [G]? e | | | | | | | | | | | | -1 = help. Units = American. Mode is INVESTMENT RETURN. | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ Page 6.2 TeliSolar Economic Considerations The program then produces an output that looks like the following: +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Present value of Present value if Net savings of | | energy savings. capital were energy | | Year (cumulative) invested investment | | | | 1 294.63 462.74 -168.10 | | 2 603.16 475.83 127.33 | | 3 926.25 489.30 436.95 | | 4 1264.57 503.15 761.42 | | 5 1618.85 517.39 1101.46 | | 6 1989.85 532.03 1457.81 | | 7 2378.34 547.09 1831.25 | | 8 2785.16 562.57 2222.59 | | 9 3211.17 578.49 2632.67 | | 10 3657.27 594.87 3062.40 | | | | | | | | | | Energy investment payed for in first year. | | | | | | When ready, hit any key. Mode is INVESTMENT RETURN. | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ G6.3. HelpH At any of the prompts for input values, you may enter a "-1" for the value to get 'help' information. If you do this at this point, you will see a display which contains the following information: This option is used to calculate how long it would take for the money saved on energy costs due to an improvement to pay for the capital invested on the improvement. It takes into account the income that would be derived from investing the capital in savings, stocks, etc., the escalation of fuel costs, and the general inflation rate. The following input is needed: a) The current general inflation rate (such as 5.5%) b) The yield that could be attained if the capital were invested in other investments such as savings, stocks, T-bills, etc. c) The current rate at which Page 6.3 Economic Considerations TeliSolar fuel costs are going up each year. d) The amount invested in the energy-saving improvement. e) The amount of energy saved as calculated by using option 1 or 3. f) The cost of fuel to provide one million Btus for heating purposes. g) The amount of energy saved for cooling purposes. h) The cost of fuel to provide one million Btus for cooling purposes. After providing all the above inputs when requested, the program will calculate the present value of the energy savings, the present value of the capital if you had invested it instead, and the net savings due to the energy-saving improvement. When ready, hit any key. G6.4. ApplicationH Using the 'Heat loss from a building' option (No. 3) and this option, you can determine if investing your money in an energy-saving upgrade is profitable. Assume you want to add more insulation to the ceiling. Assume also that the of R19 fiberglass is $0.50 per square foot and that you install the material yourself. Based on the hypothetical house described earlier with a ceiling area of 1200 square feet, the cost of insulation is $600.00. At the Main Menu, choose option 3 and set the R-value of the roof to 15: 1. Press "E" to edit the current values for the building. 2. Enter a "5" to choose editting of the roof. 3. Press "R" to change the R-value. 4. Enter "15" to set the new R-value. 5. Enter a "0" to stop editting. 6. The number of BTUs used per year for heating should be 79.98005 million. The number of BTUs used per year for cooling should be 13.25264 million. Write these down. 7. Enter a "N" to return to the Main Menu. Choose option 3 again and this time set the R-value to 34: Page 6.4 TeliSolar Economic Considerations 1. Follow steps 1-3 above. 2. Enter "34" to set the new R-value. 3. Follow steps 5-7 above. (The values should be 71.29862 and 11.84088) Choose option 4 to determine the payback period: 1. Enter "6.0" for the general inflation rate. 2. Enter "9.0" for the investment yield. 3. Enter "10.0" for the fuel escalation rate. 4. Enter "600" for the investment cost (calculated above). 5. Calculate the difference in BTU usage for heating from the two steps above (79.98005-71.29862 million BTUs). Enter "8.68". 6. Enter the cost of heating. Use "0.08". 7. Enter the fuel type. Use "E". 8. Calculate the difference in BTU usage for cooling from the two steps above (13.25264-11.84088 million BTUs). Enter "1.41". 9. Enter the cost of cooling. Use "0.08". 10. Enter the fuel type. Use "E". 11. The display shows the accumulated amount of payback for each year, and the number of years it will take to "pay off" the $600 energy-saving investment. G6.5. TheoryH Any number of economic models may have been used for this program. A semi-sophisticated model is the "discounted payback" method. It takes into account: o Income derived from investing the capital instead of using it for energy- saving costs. o Fuel escalation rates. o Inflation rate. From the "Theory" section in the previous chapter, you can calculate the annual heating and cooling costs before and after Page 6.5 Economic Considerations TeliSolar an energy-saving upgrade. The amount spent on the upgrade is also known. The simple payback model would be: Years to recover = Investment/Savings By adding a few more terms, a more accurate equation may be used: PV = [ A ] * [ (1+E)/(1+I) ] * [ 1 - ((1+E)/(1+I))^N ] where: PV = Present Value A = Annual savings E = Fuel escalation rate I = General inflation rate N = Year in question This equation allows the user to determine, based on conditions now (such as inflation rate, etc), how much of the energy-saving cost is "payed off" each year. The pay off occurs in the year in which the sign changes. Page 6.6 E47. SOLAR SIZING5 45F G7.1. IntroductionH This option is used with the 'Weekly hot water usage & solar requirements' option (# 1) or the 'Heat loss from a building' option (# 3), and the 'Solar flux striking solar collector' option (# 2) to determine the size of flat plate solar collector needed to generate the heating requirements determined in options 1 or 3. The amount of energy that may be collected in your situation was determined using option 2. Option 2 and either option 1 or 3 must have been previously selected in order to obtain the information necessary for the calculations made in this section. G7.2. UsageH At the Main Menu screen, select option '5' when prompted for the desired option. The program will then request several input values. At each prompt, enter the value which applies to your situation or press the 'Return' key (<--') to accept the default value shown in brackets. The following inputs are needed: 1. The efficiency of the selected flat plate collectors. This information can usually be obtained from the manufacturer of the collectors you are considering purchasing. A good estimate would be in the range 60 to 75. 2. Whether you are sizing the 'hot water usage' requirements or the 'Heat loss' requirements. You must have previously chosen either option 1 or 3 and determined the energy requirements for that situation. 3. Whether you want to determine the size requirements for the average case (for the average of all the months) or the worst case (the month which receives the least sunshine). For the average case, there may be months in which there is not enough sunshine for the collectors to collect enough energy to meet the heating requirements. After providing the above inputs, the program will calculate the approximate number of square feet of flat plate collector needed to provide the necessary heating requirements. The screen should look similar to this: Page 7.1 Solar Sizing TeliSolar +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Efficiency of selected solar panel [ 0.75 ]? | | Calculate for Hot water(W) or Heat load(H) [ W ]? | | Calculate for (W)orst case or (A)verage [ A ] ? | | | | | | | | | | | | Estimated collector size needed is 66.86307 ft^2 | | or approximately 2 panels. | | | | | | | | | | | | When ready, hit any key. Mode is SOLAR SIZING | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ G7.3. HelpH At any of the prompts for input values, you may enter a "-1" for the value to get 'help' information. If you do this at this point, you will see a display which contains the following information: This option can be used to calculate the number of square feet of a flat plate solar collector needed to produce the BTUs calculated in either the 'Weekly hot water usage' or the 'Heat loss from a building' options. One or both of the above mentioned options and the 'Solar flux striking solar collector' option MUST have been previously run in order for the necessary values to be available. The efficiency is dependent on the solar collector panel being evaluated. You should be able to get it from the manufacturers literature. If not, a value in the range of 0.65 to 0.80 should be a fairly good guess. Use the 'Hot water(W)' choice to calculate the area needed for a solar hot water preheater based on usage information calculated in Option 1. Use the 'yearly Heat load(H)' choice to calculate the Page 7.2 TeliSolar Solar Sizing area needed for heating your building based on information calculated in Option 3. Worst case applies to either choice, and calculates the area for the month with the least amount of sunshine. Average case calculates the area for the average amount of heat collected by the collectors. When ready, hit any key. G7.4. ApplicationH The amount of heat a solar energy collector system can supply depends mainly on the number of square feet of flat plate collector exposed to the sun. If cost were no object, one could simply connect one or more large storage tanks to a large array of collectors and use the sun to heat all the hot water necessary and to also heat the house in which he/she lived. However, this approach is extremely expensive and in most cases, cost is an object. Designers and homeowners usually have to make trade-offs between cost and performance. This option, used with the others supplied in this program, is used to speedup and simplify that trade-off study. Experiment with this model, and the others provided in this program, to determine the most cost effective method of providing your family with the hot water and space heating necessary, based on your needs and location. G7.5. TheoryH The mathematics for this model is very straight forward. To get the average heat collection value, add the heat collected per month-ft^2 for all months and divide by 12. To get the worst case value, use the smallest value for all the months. Then, the size needed is calculated as follows: Size = Hu x 1/Hc x 1/E where: Hu = Heat used. Calculated in option 1 or 3 in BTU/yr. Hc = Heat collected by flat plate collector. Calculated Page 7.3 Solar Sizing TeliSolar in option 2. BTU/yr-ft^2. E = Collector efficiency Page 7.4 E4APPENDIX A. DETAILED OPERATIONS5 45F GA.1. Handling and Storage of DiskettesH Diskettes are very sensitive and must be handled with care. The magnetically coated recording surface of the diskette is visible through the oval holes in the permanent, black plastic jacket. You must never touch any part of the exposed recording surface. Touching this surface could destroy the diskette. Instead, always handle it by the edge where the label is located. When you place the diskette into the drive, hold it so the label edge is facing up and closest to you. Be sure that the lift lever of the disk drive is pushed up in the open position. Hold the diskette as described above, insert it into the drive, and carefully push it all the way in until it stops. Close the disk drive door by pushing down on the lift lever until it clicks shut. Page A.1 Detailed Operations TeliSolar Because the diskette is magnetic, it must be kept away from electrical appliances and other equipment that have a magnetic field, such as office paper clip containers or copy-holders. Over-exposure to fluorescent lights can also damage diskettes. Very high or low temperatures can damage a diskette. The acceptable range is about 50 F to 125 F (10 C to 52 C). So don't leave them in your car for too long on a warm or cold day, and don't put them near a radiator, stove, heater, etc. Diskettes are also sensitive to physical damage. Do not bend or staple the plastic cover. If you write on the label or paper envelope while the diskette is inside it, use only a soft felt-tip pen - never a pencil or ballpoint. Whenever possible, write on the label before putting it on the diskette. When not in use, diskettes should always be stored in their paper envelopes to protect them from dust and other elements. They should be stored in an upright position in a hard-cover box. Never put anything on top of a diskette, such as food, drinks, the family cat, etc. GA.2. Write-Protecting DiskettesH Some diskettes contain important data that should not be altered or destroyed. By placing a small foil tab over the square write-protect notch of the diskette, you can be assured that information can be read from, but not written to or erased from, that diskette. See below. The diskettes supplied with this package already have the foil tab placed over the write-protect notch. Do not put a tab over the notch on your working copy of the program. Page A.2 TeliSolar Detailed Operations GA.3. Helpful HintsH DO: o Remove diskettes before you turn off the computer. o Make regular backup copies of the files you generate. o Date and label your diskettes, including the names of the files written to them. DON'T: o Remove the diskettes from the disk drives without saving any files created during the run. o Remove the diskette from the drive while the red "in-use" light is on or the drive motor is running. o Insert foreign objects into the disk drives. GA.4. Cold StartingH Following is the procedure to begin when the computer power is OFF: 1. Put the DOS diskette in Drive A (usually the left drive). Don't forget to shut the door. Be sure you insert the diskette correctly! The label side should be facing up, exposed area away form you. (Note: if the diskette has an untabbed write-protect notch on the left side of it and it is your master diskette, put a metallic write-protect tab over it. You should not put a write-enabled diskette into a drive unless you expect to write on it.) 2. Flip the RED power switch on the right side (near the back) to ON. 3. Turn on your monitor (or TV) if it has a separate power switch. 4. The IBM-PC does a memory check during the power-up procedure, so it may take several seconds before you notice anything. 5. If you have just turned it off before starting this procedure, it may not start up properly. Be sure the power is off for at least 30 seconds or so before powering up. Page A.3 Detailed Operations TeliSolar 6. The screen clears and drive A whirs with its red light on. 7. If the PC is working correcting, you will get the "Enter today's date (mm-dd-yy)" message. :il.Proceed from here as with the Warm Start procedure described below starting at Step 5. GA.5. Warm StartingH Following is the procedure to use if the PC's power is already on: 1. Put the DOS diskette in Drive A (usually the one on the left). Be sure to close the door. 2. Using your left hand, hold down both the "Alt" and "Ctrl" keys (on the left side of the keyboard). Then press the "Del" key (on the lower right of the keyboard), while still holding down the "Alt" and "Ctrl" keys. 3. The screen clears and drive A whirs with its red light on. 4. If everything worked OK, the message "Enter today's date (mm-dd-yy)" appears 5. Using the numbers on the top row of the keyboard, type in the date in numeric form (March 10, 1983 is entered as 3-10-83). Press the 'Return' key (the one to the right side of the keyboard that looks something like "<--'") 6. If you attempt to enter a date that doesn't make sense, the DOS will catch it and ask you to enter the date again. It will not prevent you from entering the wrong date. 7. If all goes well, you will see a copyright notice, the DOS version number, and a prompt that looks like "A>" ("C>" if you have a hard disk). Whenever you see this prompt, the DOS system is ready to accept a command. 8. Once you are at this point, you are ready to run the your program. Page A.4 TeliSolar Detailed Operations GA.6. Diskette FormattingH Follow the procedure below to format a blank diskette. 1. Put a blank diskette in Drive B (the one on the right) and shut the door. 2. Type in "DIR B:". Press 'Return'. If the diskette has not been formatted, you should get the message "Disk error reading drive B" followed by "Abort, Retry, Ignore?". Type "A" to abort. Press 'Return'. If the diskette has been formatted, but contains no files, the message "No Files" should appear. In either of these cases it is OK to proceed. If a list of file names appears, you must decide at this point if you really want to use this diskette. PROCEEDING ON WILL CAUSE ALL DATA ON THE DISKETTE TO BE LOST!. 3. Type in 'FORMAT B:'. Press 'Return'. You'll get the message "Insert new diskette for drive B: and strike any key when ready". Press the space bar. 4. You will see the message "Formatting...Format complete". It will display some information about the capacity of the diskette, and then ask "Format another (Y/N)". Type in "N" GA.7. Diskette BackupH The first thing you should do after opening the release package, is to make a backup copy of your master diskette and then put the master away in a safe place. To do this: 1. Start the IBM-PC system (see above for the Cold Start or Warm Start procedures). 2. Format a blank diskette to receive the backup copy. (See above procedure for formatting the diskette if you do not know how to do this.) 3. Remove the DOS diskette from Drive A. Insert the master diskette in Drive A and close the door. Type in "COPY A:*.* B:" (notice the spaces between the arguments). Press 'Return'. You will see the names of the files as they are copied to your newly formatted diskette. 4. When the "A>" prompt appears, your backup copy is complete. Take it out and label it appropriately. Page A.5 Detailed Operations TeliSolar GA.8. Using a Hard DiskH If you are using a new computer with a hard disk, you must make sure it is properly formatted and initialized before you begin. See your computer dealer or use the computer's DOS Reference manual to format it properly and install DOS on the hard disk. When using a hard disk, programs are usually stored in and run from subdirectories. We recommend creating a separate subdirectory for this program and it's data files. So, to install this package on a hard disk: 1. Type: "cd \" 2. Press the 'Return' key. 3. Type: "md ", where "" is a subdirectory name of your choosing. 4. Press the 'Return' key. 5. Type: "cd \". 6. Press the 'Return' key. 7. Insert the master diskette supplied with this package into the "A" drive, and close the door. 8. Type: "COPY A:*.* C:" 9. Press the 'Return' key. As the system copies the files from the master diskette onto the hard disk, the file names appear on the screen. When the copying process is complete, the DOS prompt "C>" appears. 10. Remove the master disk from the "A" drive and store it in a safe place. 11. You can now execute the program from the hard disk. GA.9. Power OffH Follow these steps to power off your IBM-PC: 1. When you power off the PC, you lose whatever is on the screen and in memory. Be careful about powering off! 2. Be sure to remove any and all diskettes and leave the drive doors open. 3. Power off the PC by flipping the RED power switch down. Page A.6 TeliSolar Detailed Operations 4. Turn off the monitor (or TV) and the printer if you have one. 5. Avoid turning the PC on and off too often. The power surges and temperature changes due to power up/down cycles are not good for the electronic components and shorten their lives. Page A.7 Detailed Operations TeliSolar Page A.8 E4APPENDIX B. GENERAL INFO. BY CITY5 45F Number of sunny days in State City Ja Fe Ma Ap Ma Ju Ju Au Se Oc No De ----- ---- Alabama Birmingham 13 14 17 19 20 20 19 20 20 21 17 14 Montgomery 16 15 19 21 23 22 20 21 21 22 19 15 Alaska Anchorage 12 13 17 17 16 15 14 12 11 10 10 9 Fairbanks 11 14 19 20 17 16 14 11 9 9 11 9 Juneau 9 9 12 11 11 11 9 9 8 6 6 6 Nome 14 13 15 16 16 14 10 8 10 11 11 9 Arizona Phoenix 24 22 26 26 29 28 26 26 27 27 25 24 Yuma 26 24 28 28 30 29 29 28 28 29 27 26 Arkansas Little Rock 14 15 18 19 21 22 22 23 21 23 17 15 California Eureka 12 12 16 16 17 17 16 14 16 15 13 12 Fresno 14 18 22 25 28 28 30 30 28 27 22 15 Los Angeles 22 19 22 20 21 21 25 25 24 24 24 22 Red Bluff 16 17 20 23 24 26 29 29 27 24 19 16 Sacramento 14 16 21 23 25 27 30 29 28 25 20 14 San Diego 21 19 21 20 19 18 21 22 21 22 23 22 San Francisco 16 16 20 21 22 23 21 20 21 22 19 17 Colorado Denver 21 19 20 19 19 21 21 21 21 22 20 20 Grand Junct 18 17 20 20 22 24 24 22 23 23 20 18 Conn. Hartford 14 15 17 16 18 18 19 19 17 17 14 14 D.C. Washington 14 15 17 17 19 19 20 19 19 19 16 15 Florida Jacksonville 18 17 20 21 22 19 19 20 17 18 18 16 Key West 21 21 24 23 24 21 21 22 20 20 21 20 Miami Beach 20 20 23 22 21 19 20 21 19 19 20 20 Tampa 20 19 22 22 23 20 19 20 19 21 20 19 Georgia Atlanta 15 15 18 20 21 20 19 20 20 21 18 15 Hawaii Hilo 15 12 13 10 10 12 14 12 13 13 10 11 Honolulu 19 18 19 19 20 20 21 22 21 21 19 19 Lihue 15 13 15 14 16 18 18 18 20 18 15 15 Idaho Boise 12 13 18 20 21 23 28 27 24 20 14 11 Pocatello 11 13 18 19 20 22 25 25 23 20 14 11 Illinois Chicago 14 14 16 17 20 21 23 22 20 19 14 13 Springfield 15 14 17 17 20 21 24 22 22 20 16 14 Indiana Ft. Wayne 12 12 16 17 19 21 23 21 19 18 12 12 Indianapolis 13 13 15 17 19 20 23 22 20 20 14 12 Page B.1 General Info. by City TeliSolar Number of sunny days in State City Ja Fe Ma Ap Ma Ju Ju Au Se Oc No De ----- ---- Iowa Des Moines 17 16 17 18 19 20 23 22 19 20 16 15 Sioux City 17 16 18 18 20 20 23 22 20 20 16 16 Kansas Dodge City 21 18 21 20 21 22 24 24 23 23 21 21 Wichita 19 18 20 19 20 22 25 24 22 21 20 18 Kentucky Louisville 13 13 16 17 20 20 22 21 20 20 15 12 Louisiana New Orleans 15 14 18 19 20 19 18 19 19 22 18 14 Shreveport 15 15 18 18 21 23 24 25 24 24 20 19 Maine Eastport 14 14 16 16 16 16 17 18 16 16 11 12 Massachusetts Boston 15 16 18 17 18 19 20 20 18 18 14 15 Michigan Detroit 11 12 15 16 18 20 21 20 18 17 11 9 Grand Rapids 8 10 15 16 19 20 22 21 17 16 9 7 Marquette 10 11 15 16 16 17 20 18 14 12 7 7 Minnesota Duluth 15 15 19 17 18 18 21 20 16 15 11 12 Minneapolis 15 15 17 17 19 19 22 21 18 17 12 12 Mississippi Vicksburg 14 14 18 19 21 22 21 22 22 22 18 14 Missouri Kansas City 17 16 18 18 20 21 24 23 21 21 18 16 St. Louis 15 14 17 18 20 20 22 21 20 20 16 14 Springfield 15 15 18 18 20 21 24 22 21 20 17 15 Montana Helena 14 15 18 18 18 19 24 23 19 18 14 13 Kalispell 9 11 15 17 18 18 24 23 18 16 8 6 Nebraska Lincoln 18 17 19 18 20 21 24 22 20 20 18 17 North Platte 20 18 20 19 20 22 24 23 22 22 19 18 Nevada Ely 19 18 21 20 21 24 24 25 24 23 20 19 Las Vegas 23 22 24 24 26 27 26 27 28 26 25 23 Reno 18 18 21 23 24 25 28 28 26 24 20 17 New Hampshire Concord 15 15 17 16 16 17 18 18 17 16 13 13 New Jersey Atlantic City 16 16 18 18 19 20 21 20 20 17 17 16 New Mexico Albuquerque 22 20 22 23 24 25 24 23 24 25 24 22 New York Albany 13 14 16 16 18 19 20 19 17 17 12 12 Buffalo 10 11 15 15 18 20 22 21 18 16 9 9 New York 15 16 18 18 19 20 20 20 19 19 16 16 N. Carolina Asheville 15 15 17 18 20 19 18 18 19 20 18 15 Raleigh 16 16 18 19 21 20 19 19 19 20 19 16 N. Dakota Bismarck 16 16 17 17 18 18 23 21 19 18 15 15 Fargo 15 15 17 17 19 19 23 21 18 18 12 14 Ohio Cincinnati 13 13 16 17 19 21 22 21 20 19 14 12 Cleveland 9 10 14 16 19 20 22 21 19 17 10 8 Columbus 11 12 15 16 20 20 22 21 20 19 13 11 Oklahoma Oklahoma City 18 17 20 19 20 22 24 24 22 21 19 18 Oregon Portland 8 10 13 15 16 17 22 20 17 13 8 7 Pennsylvania Harrisburg 13 15 17 17 19 20 21 20 19 18 14 13 Philadelphia 14 16 18 17 19 19 20 19 19 19 16 15 Pittsburgh 10 11 14 15 18 19 20 19 19 17 12 9 Rhode Island Block Island 14 15 15 17 18 18 19 19 18 18 15 14 S. Carolina Charleston 18 17 20 22 23 21 20 20 20 21 20 18 Page B.2 TeliSolar General Info. by City Number of sunny days in State City Ja Fe Ma Ap Ma Ju Ju Au Se Oc No De ----- ---- Columbia 16 16 19 20 21 20 20 20 19 21 19 16 S. Dakota Huron 17 17 19 19 20 20 24 22 20 19 16 15 Rapid City 18 17 20 19 19 20 23 23 21 20 17 17 Tennessee Knoxville 13 14 16 18 20 20 20 18 19 20 16 13 Memphis 14 14 18 19 21 22 23 23 21 21 17 14 Nashville 13 13 17 18 20 21 21 21 21 20 17 13 Texas Abilene 20 19 23 20 23 26 26 26 22 22 22 20 Austin 14 14 18 18 19 22 24 24 21 22 17 15 El Paso 23 22 25 26 27 26 24 24 24 25 24 23 Ft. Worth 17 16 20 20 21 23 24 24 22 22 19 18 Galveston 16 14 17 18 21 23 22 22 21 23 19 15 Utah Salt Lake Cit 15 15 19 20 23 23 25 25 25 23 17 15 Vermont Burlington 11 12 15 14 16 18 19 18 15 13 8 7 Virginia Norfork 16 16 19 19 21 20 20 20 19 20 18 16 Richmond 15 15 18 19 21 20 20 19 19 20 17 16 Washington Seattle 8 10 13 14 16 14 19 17 16 11 8 7 Spokane 8 11 16 19 20 20 25 24 20 16 8 7 W. Virginia Parkersburg 9 10 13 15 17 18 20 19 18 16 11 9 Wisconsin Green Bay 14 14 17 17 18 19 22 20 17 16 12 12 Milwaukee 14 13 16 17 19 20 23 21 19 17 13 12 Wyoming Cheyenne 20 18 20 18 18 20 22 21 21 21 20 20 Puerto Rico San Juan 20 19 22 20 18 19 20 21 18 20 19 20 Alberta Banff 7 9 11 12 13 12 13 13 14 12 9 5 Calgary 12 12 13 14 15 15 15 15 15 16 13 12 Edmonton 11 11 15 16 17 17 17 17 15 15 12 11 British Colum Dawson Creek 10 11 14 15 17 17 17 17 14 13 10 8 Prince George 7 9 12 13 16 16 16 16 12 10 7 5 Vancouver 6 9 11 12 16 16 16 16 14 11 8 6 Victoria 8 10 13 14 18 17 18 18 17 13 9 7 Manitoba Brandon 12 13 14 14 16 15 16 16 15 15 9 11 The Pas 10 12 14 14 16 15 16 16 13 13 6 9 Winnipeg 13 14 19 15 16 16 16 16 14 15 9 11 New Brunswick Chatham 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 13 10 11 Moncton 11 11 11 12 14 14 14 14 13 13 9 10 Saint John 12 12 13 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 9 12 Newfoundland Gander 8 8 9 8 10 10 10 10 11 10 7 7 St. John's 8 8 8 8 11 11 11 11 12 10 7 7 Nova Scotia Halifax 10 11 12 12 14 13 14 14 14 14 10 10 Sydney 9 10 11 12 14 13 14 14 13 13 8 8 Ontario Kingston 11 11 12 13 17 17 17 17 15 14 9 9 North Bay 11 13 13 14 16 15 16 16 13 11 6 8 Ottawa 11 11 13 13 16 15 16 16 14 12 8 9 Sault Ste Mar 8 11 13 14 16 16 16 16 13 11 7 8 Thunder Bay 13 15 16 15 16 15 16 16 14 11 9 11 Toronto 9 10 12 13 15 14 15 15 16 14 8 9 Page B.3 General Info. by City TeliSolar Number of sunny days in State City Ja Fe Ma Ap Ma Ju Ju Au Se Oc No De ----- ---- Prince Edward Charlottetown 9 10 11 11 13 13 13 13 14 12 8 7 Quebec Amos 9 11 13 14 14 14 14 14 11 8 5 8 Montreal 11 12 14 14 16 16 16 16 16 14 8 9 Normandin 11 11 13 13 14 14 14 14 11 10 7 9 Quebec 9 10 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 11 7 8 St. Ambroise 11 11 13 15 14 14 14 14 11 8 6 9 Saskatchewan Indian Head 12 13 15 15 17 17 17 17 17 15 11 10 Moose Jaw 12 11 14 16 17 17 17 17 16 16 11 10 Prince Albert 11 12 14 15 16 16 16 16 14 13 9 10 Regina 11 11 13 15 18 17 18 17 15 16 11 10 Saskatoon 12 13 16 16 18 17 17 17 16 16 11 11 Page B.4 TeliSolar General Info. by City Degree-days State City Heating Cooling Lat. ----- ---- ------- ------- ---- Alabama Birmingham 2780 1928 33.5 Montgomery 1954 0 32.4 Alaska Anchorage 10789 0 61.2 Fairbanks 14279 52 64.8 Juneau 8187 0 58.3 Nome 14086 0 64.5 Arizona Phoenix 1492 3508 33.4 Yuma 951 0 0.0 Arkansas Little Rock 2982 1925 34.7 California Eureka 4632 0 0.0 Fresno 2532 1671 36.8 Los Angeles 2015 1185 33.9 Red Bluff 2546 0 0.0 Sacramento 2600 1159 0.0 San Diego 1574 722 0.0 San Francisco 3069 39 37.8 Colorado Denver 5673 625 39.7 Grand Junct 5796 1140 39.1 Conn. Hartford 6139 584 41.8 D.C. Washington 4333 1415 38.9 Florida Jacksonville 1239 0 30.3 Key West 108 0 0.0 Miami Beach 141 4038 25.8 Tampa 683 3366 27.9 Georgia Atlanta 2983 1589 33.7 Hawaii Hilo 0 3066 0.0 Honolulu 0 4221 21.3 Lihue 0 0 0.0 Idaho Boise 5809 714 43.6 Pocatello 7033 0 42.9 Illinois Chicago 6155 925 41.9 Springfield 5429 1116 0.0 Indiana Ft. Wayne 6205 0 41.1 Indianapolis 5699 974 39.7 Iowa Des Moines 6808 928 41.6 Sioux City 6951 0 0.0 Kansas Dodge City 4986 0 37.8 Wichita 4620 1673 37.7 Kentucky Louisville 4660 1268 38.2 Louisiana New Orleans 1385 2706 30.0 Shreveport 2184 2538 32.5 Maine Eastport 8246 0 0.0 Massachusetts Boston 5634 661 42.4 Michigan Detroit 6232 743 42.3 Grand Rapids 6894 575 43.0 Page B.5 General Info. by City TeliSolar Degree-days State City Heating Cooling Lat. ----- ---- ------- ------- ---- Marquette 8393 216 0.0 Minnesota Duluth 10000 176 46.8 Minneapolis 8382 585 45.0 Mississippi Vicksburg 2041 0 0.0 Missouri Kansas City 4711 1420 39.1 St. Louis 4900 1475 38.6 Springfield 4561 0 0.0 Montana Helena 8128 256 0.0 Kalispell 8191 0 0.0 Nebraska Lincoln 5864 0 40.8 North Platte 6684 802 0.0 Nevada Ely 7733 0 39.3 Las Vegas 2709 2946 36.1 Reno 6332 0 39.5 New Hampshire Concord 7383 349 43.2 New Jersey Atlantic City 4812 864 0.0 New Mexico Albuquerque 4348 1316 35.1 New York Albany 6875 574 42.7 Buffalo 7062 437 42.9 New York 4850 1068 40.8 N. Carolina Asheville 4042 872 35.6 Raleigh 3393 1394 0.0 N. Dakota Bismarck 8851 0 46.8 Fargo 9226 473 46.9 Ohio Cincinnati 4806 1188 39.1 Cleveland 6351 613 41.4 Columbus 5660 809 40.0 Oklahoma Oklahoma City 3725 1876 35.4 Oregon Portland 4635 300 45.5 Pennsylvania Harrisburg 5251 1025 40.2 Philadelphia 5101 1104 40.0 Pittsburgh 5987 948 40.4 Rhode Island Block Island 5804 359 0.0 S. Carolina Charleston 2033 2078 32.9 Columbia 2484 0 0.0 S. Dakota Huron 8223 0 0.0 Rapid City 7345 661 44.2 Tennessee Knoxville 3494 1569 36.0 Memphis 3232 2029 35.2 Nashville 3578 1694 36.1 Texas Abilene 2624 0 0.0 Austin 1711 0 30.3 El Paso 2700 2098 31.8 Ft. Worth 2405 2587 32.8 Galveston 1235 0 29.3 Page B.6 TeliSolar General Info. by City Degree-days State City Heating Cooling Lat. ----- ---- ------- ------- ---- Utah Salt Lake Cit 6052 927 40.8 Vermont Burlington 8269 396 0.0 Virginia Norfork 3421 1441 36.8 Richmond 3865 1353 37.5 Washington Seattle 4424 129 47.5 Spokane 6655 388 47.7 W. Virginia Parkersburg 4754 0 0.0 Wisconsin Green Bay 8029 0 44.5 Milwaukee 7635 450 43.0 Wyoming Cheyenne 7278 327 41.1 Puerto Rico San Juan 0 4982 0.0 Alberta Banff 9611 0 0.0 Calgary 9204 0 0.0 Edmonton 9768 0 0.0 British Colum Dawson Creek 10467 0 0.0 Prince George 9145 0 0.0 Vancouver 4924 0 0.0 Victoria 4874 0 0.0 Manitoba Brandon 10722 0 0.0 The Pas 11882 0 0.0 Winnipeg 10461 0 0.0 New Brunswick Chatham 8632 0 0.0 Moncton 8281 0 0.0 Saint John 7303 0 0.0 Newfoundland Gander 8567 0 0.0 St. John's 7735 0 0.0 Nova Scotia Halifax 6835 0 0.0 Sydney 7729 0 0.0 Ontario Kingston 7494 0 0.0 North Bay 8884 0 0.0 Ottawa 8162 0 0.0 Sault Ste Mar 8931 0 0.0 Thunder Bay 10028 0 0.0 Toronto 6558 0 0.0 Prince Edward Charlottetown 7877 0 0.0 Quebec Amos 10880 0 0.0 Montreal 7933 0 0.0 Normandin 10824 0 0.0 Quebec 8561 0 0.0 St. Ambroise 10458 0 0.0 Saskatchewan Indian Head 10404 0 0.0 Moose Jaw 9621 0 0.0 Prince Albert 11519 0 0.0 Regina 10474 0 0.0 Saskatoon 10486 0 0.0 Page B.7 General Info. by City TeliSolar Page B.8 E4APPENDIX C. R-VALUES OF SELECTED MATERIALS5 45F 1/8" Asbestos-cement board 0.03 3/8" Gypsum 0.32 1/2" Gypsum 0.45 25/32" Sheathing 2.06 fiber 0.00 1" Wood fiber board 2.38 1/4" Wood fiber 0.18 00.98 0.00 subfloor 0.00 3/4" Hardwood 0.68 Felt building paper 0.06 Carpet & fiber pad 2.08 Carpet & rubber pad 1.23 1/8" Cork tile 0.28 1" Terrazzo 0.08 Tile 0.05 1/2" Gypsumboard 0.45 Hardwood flooring 0.68 1" Cement mortar 0.20 1" Gypsum-fiber concrete 0.60 1" Stucco 0.20 1" Common Brick 0.20 1" Face Brick 0.11 8" Concrete block 1.04 1" Stone 0.08 1" Marble 0.05 1" Cement plaster 0.20 1/2" Gypsum plaster 0.32 Asbestos shingles 0.21 Asphalt roll 0.15 Built-up roofing 0.44 1/2" Slate roofing 0.05 Wood shingle roofing 0.94 Wood shingle siding 0.80 Wood insulated siding 1.40 Asphalt insulated siding 1.46 1/2" Plywood 0.62 1" Hardwoods 0.91 1" Softwoods 1.25 1" Solid-core wood door 1.56 Page C.1 R-values of Selected Materials TeliSolar Page C.2 E4APPENDIX D. FURTHER READING5 45F The Solar Decision Book, A Guide for Heating Your Home with Solar Energy Richard H. Montgomery, John Wiley & Sons, 1978 The Solar Home Book Bruce Anderson, Brick House Publishing, 1976 The Passive Solar Energy Book Edward Mazria, Rodale Press, 1979 Passive Solar Design Handbook, Volume 2 (DOE/cs-0127/2), Los Alamos Complete Book of Insulating L. Gay (editor), Stephen Green Press, 1980 Simplified Energy Design Economics Marshall H. and R. Ruegg (editors), U.S. Government Printing Office Page D.1 Further Reading TeliSolar Page D.2 E4GLOSSARY5 45F Active solar system A system that has equipment to trap the sun's energy and mechanically move that energy to its point of intended use for water heating, space heating, and possibly space cooling. Usually has storage capabilities. Angle of incidence Angle at which solar energy strikes a surface. Azimuth The angle between solar south and the direction in which the collectors are faced. Used in solar flux calculations. British thermal unit (Btu) The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound (pint) of water one degree Fahrenheit. Collector A device used to collect solar radiation (energy) and convert it to usable heat. Collector efficiency The performance of a collector, measured as a ratio of useful energy collected to the available energy striking the collector. Usually expressed as a percent. Collector tilt angle The angle between the collector and a horizontal or level surface. Conduction The process by which heat energy is transferred through materials (solids, liquids, or gases) by molecular excitation of adjacent molecules. Conductivity(k) The quantity of heat (BTUs) that will flow through one square foot of material, one inch thick, in one hour, when there is a temperature difference of 1 degree F between its surfaces. Convection The transfer of heat between a moving fluid medium (liquid or gas) and a surface, or the transfer of heat within a fluid by movements within the fluid. Degree-day A unit of measurement used in heat-loss calculations and solar system sizing. Shows degrees difference between 65 degrees F and the day's mean (average) outdoor temperature. A 25 degree-day would have a mean temperature of 40 degree F. Page E.1 Glossary TeliSolar Two such days would add up to 50 degree-days. Direct radiation Composed of parallel rays coming straight from the sun. Casts shadows on clear days. Emissivity The property of emitting heat radiation; possessed by all materials to a varying extent. Flat plate collector Converts the sun's radiation into heat on a flat surface within a simple box. Does not use reflecting surfaces, or lens arrangements. Flux The intensity of heat flow. Heat exchanger A device which transfers heat from one substance to another substance without mixing the two. Heat loss A decrease in the amount of heat contained in a space, resulting from heat flow through walls, windows, roof, and other building envelope components. Infiltration The uncontrolled movement of outdoor air into the interior of a building through cracks around windows and doors or in walls, roofs, and floors. This may work by cold air leaking in during the winter, or hot air leaking in during the summer. Insolation The total amount of solar radiation striking a collector cover plate. Includes direct, diffuse, and reflected radiation. kwh Kilowatt-hour. Equals 1000 watt-hours. Electricity is sold in kwh. Passive system A solar system which has no mechanical means to move or regulate the release of collected energy. Payback period The amount of time (usually years) needed for a building owner to recover the system investment in fuel-cost savings. Page E.2 TeliSolar Glossary Radiation The heat movement from a warm surface. R-value The tested insulation value which is used to calculate the U-factor. "R" is the resistance to heat flow. Solar radiation The sun's energy that comes to earth in the form of direct, diffuse, and reflected rays. U-factor The number of Btus which pass through one square foot of solid in one hour if there is a one degree Fahrenheit difference between the two sides. Used to express heat transmission. The reciprocal of "R-value" (U=1/R). Page E.3 Glossary TeliSolar Page E.4 E4SERVICE INFORMATION5 45F Product Registration Tesseract believes that customer service is very important for customer satisfaction. We want you to be happy with the product that you have purchased and have you as a repeat customer for future products that we might offer. Therefore, you have our assurance of customer service and product support. To take advantage of Tesseract's Customer Service Plan, you must first register your product with Tesseract Enterprises Limited. The Product Registration Form is included following this section. Tesseract encourages you to complete and mail the form as soon as possible. The $50.00 registration fee entitles you to: o The replacing of your purchased product if it proves defective within the warranty period. o The replacing of your purchased product for a small charge if it proves defective after the warranty has expired. o The providing of substantial savings on new releases of the product. o The answering of technical questions about the product. o The supplying of enhancement information when new releases are available. o A letter-quality, indexed, printed manual (with accompanying illustrations) in a 3-ring binder. o A free version upgrade. Product Warranty The diskette(s) on which your Tesseract program is recorded is warranted to be free of defects in materials and workmanship under normal use for a period of 90 days from date of purchase. This warranty applies only to the original buyer and only to the recording medium (diskette), not to the information recorded on it. Service Information TeliSolar Tesseract makes no representations or warranties, either express or implied, with respect to the software described hereof, its quality or performance and specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. All programs have been thoroughly tested, but there may be bugs for which Tesseract cannot be responsible. Tesseract assumes no responsibility to the customer or any other person for any application or use of any software or documentation, sold by it or any of its dealers. This program is the result of many man-years of development and testing, but it is an engineering tool and as such contains simplifying assumptions and approximations that may render it unsuitable for certain applications. Product Upgrade Plan The Tesseract Product Upgrade Plan entitles you you one free version upgrade using the enclosed "REDEMPTION COUPON". Simply provide the product Version Number and Serial Number in the space provided and return it to Tesseract Enterprises Limited for the latest version of the product. This is a once only offer. Subsequent version upgrades may be purchased at a fraction of the original price, commensurate with the nature of the revision. Tesseract Enterprises Limited may, from time to time, enhance or improve the program or documentation of its products. Tesseract incurs no obligation to furnish revision notices to customers who have purchased Tesseract products; Tesseract, nonetheless, intends to inform licensees for whom a Product Registration Form is on file of any substantial improvements or enhancements. Limited Warranty and License All Tesseract programs and documentation are copyrighted materials and may not be sold for financial gain. This product is the result of several man-years of effort and considerable money. It is priced low enough so that all computer owners can afford to buy it. Making a copy and selling it for financial gain is a violation of copyright laws. We at Tesseract do not believe in copy protection because of the problems it causes the end user who would like to make backup copies (which we consider very important) or use this product with a hard disk. So, please, protect a vital, useful, and important industry and those companies that are trying to provide useful products that all can afford. TeliSolar Service Information Teli/Solar Registration Form Please fill out this form and return it to Tesseract Enterprises Limited (along with the registration fee) in order to register your ownership of Teli/Solar. Name: __________________________________________ Address: _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Firm: __________________________________________ Version4______ Serial Number5___________ -------------------------------------------------------------------- Type of business: ___________________________________________ I learned of Teli/Solar through: _____________________________ Primary Uses: Business __ Personal__ Home __ Other __ Comments: Service Information TeliSolar TeliSolar Service Information Product Evaluation ----------------------------------------------------------------------- (Cut along dotted line) R E D E M P T I O N C O U P O N This coupon is good for one free version update for the Teli/Solar package by Tesseract Enterprises Limited. When this coupon is returned by a registered owner of the Teli/Solar package, the latest version of the package will be sent to the person(s) sending in this coupon absolutely free of charge. Teli/Solar Version _________ Serial Number ______________ Service Information TeliSolar TeliSolar Service Information Version 1.20 Error Report Form Your Name: ___________________________________________________ Address : ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Computer: ___________________________________________________ Version of DOS : _____________________________________________ Memory of your Computer : ____________________________________ Error Description : __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Did the error : 1. Halt the program and print an error message or 2. Cause incorrect results? List the incorrect results if any : __________________________ _______________________________________ Error Message if Any : _______________________________________ Which Option Was the Error in ? ______________________________ Were you able to correct the Error ? Yes ___ No ___ How did you correct the Error ? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Any other comments : __________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Does the error always occur or does the error only occur under certain conditions? __________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Mail to : Tesseract Enterprises Inc. Post Office Box 25966 Colorado Springs, CO 80936 Attn : Error Please send us information on any errors you encounter. Please read the manual before submitting an error report form. The bugs in this program do not occur very often. If you run into an error during the first few hours you are using the software you are probably doing something wrong. Service Information TeliSolar TeliSolar Service Information UPDATE ORDER FORM Your Name : ___________________________________________________ Street : ___________________________________________________ City/State: ___________________________________________________ Zip Code : _______________ Computer : ___________________________________________________ Version of DOS : ______________________________________________ What version of Teli/Solar do you have ? ________ What is the serial number ? _______________ What version of Teli/Solar do you want ? ________ New order (unregistered user) .............. $50.00 Updated version ............................ $15.00 Updated version (with coupon) .............. Free Oversea orders add $5. Colorado Residents add 5% sales tax. First Class Mail is included. We ship your order in less than 7 days. Allow 2 to 3 weeks for postal delivery. Mail to : Tesseract Enterprises Inc. Post Office Box 25966 Colorado Springs, CO 80936 Attn : Update Service Information TeliSolar E4TABLE OF CONTENTS5 45F G1. Introduction.......................................... 1.1H 1.1. Characteristics and Advantages.................... 1.1 1.2. Electronic Computers............................... 1.2 1.3. Manual Style....................................... 1.2 1.4. In General......................................... 1.4 G2. Getting Started........................................ 2.1H 2.1. Configuration...................................... 2.1 2.2. Keyboard Information............................... 2.2 2.3. Function Keys...................................... 2.2 2.4. Menu Driven........................................ 2.5 2.5. Status Line........................................ 2.5 2.6. Preparing Your System.............................. 2.6 G3. Hot Water Usage........................................ 3.1H 3.1. Introduction....................................... 3.1 3.2. Usage.............................................. 3.1 3.3. Help............................................... 3.3 3.4. Application........................................ 3.4 3.5. Theory............................................. 3.5 G4. Solar Flux Striking Collector.......................... 4.1H 4.1. Introduction....................................... 4.1 4.2. Usage.............................................. 4.2 4.3. Help............................................... 4.3 4.4. Application........................................ 4.3 4.5. Theory............................................. 4.5 G5. Heat loss.............................................. 5.1H 5.1. Introduction....................................... 5.1 5.2. Usage.............................................. 5.2 5.3. Editting........................................... 5.9 5.4. Help............................................... 5.9 5.5. Application........................................ 5.12 5.6. Theory............................................. 5.13 G6. Economic Considerations................................ 6.1H 6.1. Introduction....................................... 6.1 6.2. Usage.............................................. 6.1 6.3. Help............................................... 6.3 6.4. Application........................................ 6.4 6.5. Theory............................................. 6.5 G7. Solar Sizing........................................... 7.1H 7.1. Introduction....................................... 7.1 7.2. Usage.............................................. 7.1 7.3. Help............................................... 7.2 7.4. Application........................................ 7.3 7.5. Theory............................................. 7.3 Table of Contents TeliSolar GAppendix A. Detailed Operations........................... A.1H A.1. Handling and Storage of Diskettes.................. A.1 A.2. Write-Protecting Diskettes......................... A.2 A.3. Helpful Hints...................................... A.3 A.4. Cold Starting...................................... A.3 A.5. Warm Starting...................................... A.4 A.6. Diskette Formatting................................ A.5 A.7. Diskette Backup.................................... A.5 A.8. Using a Hard Disk.................................. A.6 A.9. Power Off.......................................... A.6 GAppendix B. General Info. by City......................... B.1H GAppendix C. R-values of Selected Materials................ C.1H GAppendix D. Further Reading............................... D.1H GGlossary.................................................. E.1H GService Information....................................... F.1H FHW5- ----------------end-of-author's-documentation--------------- THIS DISK IS PROVIDED AS A SERVICE OF COMPUTER BIN CALL OR WRITE FOR AN UPDATED LISTING COMPUTER BIN P.O.BOX 1826 PERRIS, CA. 92370 714-657-7821