
A LIST OF ARCHAIC OCCUPATIONS

The following is a list of occupations of which many are archaic. These 
are useful to genealogists since surnames usually originated from someone's
occupation. They also are useful to historians in general. The list is by
no means complete. I thank all of those who have contributed to the list.
If you know of any not included in this list or have corrections, please 
let me know.

E-mail: jlacombe@cpcug.org 
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ACATER - supplied food provisions, e.g. a ships chandler 
ACCIPITRARY - falconer 
ACCOMPTANT - accountant 
ACCOUCHEUR / ACCOUCHEUS - assisted women in childbirth 
ACCOUTREMENT MAKER / ACCOUTRE - supplier of military accessories 
ACKERMAN / ACREMAN - ploughman, an oxherder 
ACTUARY - kept public accounts of business 
ADMINISTRATOR - directed the affairs of another 
ADVERTISEMENT CONVEYANCER - sandwich board man 
ADVOCATE DEPUTE - Scottish law officer who could act a public prosecutor 
ADVOWEE - normally a nobleman, who had the right to present a clergyman to a benefice 
AERONAUT - balloonist or a trapeze artist in the circus or music halls 
AFFEEROR - official in the manorial courts who assessed the monetary penalty and also collected taxes and dues and were also called Assessor 
AGISTER - official of the Royal Forests or in the New Forest it is the title for the one in charge of the ponies 
ALABASTERER - worked with alabaster 
ALBLASTERE - crossbow man 
ALCHEMIST - medieval chemist who claimed to be able to turn base metals into gold 
ALDERMAN - senior councillor one position down from Mayor in the local council 
ALE-CONNER / ALE FOUNDER - official who tested quality and measure of ale served in public houses 
ALE DRAPER - seller of ale 
ALE TASTER - tested ale and beer for quality first recored in 1377 in London. Appointed by the Manor and forerunner of the Inspector for Weights & Measures 
ALE TUNNER - employed by the brewery to fill ale casks (tuns} with ale 
ALEWIFE - woman who keeps an alehouse or tavern 
ALL SPICE - name for a grocer 
ALMANAC MAN - official appointed by the Court of Sewers who warned the inhabitants of the Trent River area of higher than normal tides 
ALMONER - gave out alms or charity to the poor on behalf of the parish 
ALMSMAN - received alms 
ALNAGER - official who examined the quality of woolen goods and stamped them with the town seal of approval 
AMANUENSIS - secretary or stenographer 
AMBER CUTTER - cut ambergris 
AMBER & JET CUTTER - cut and polished amber for jewelry 
AMBLER - officer of the Royal Stable who broke in horses 
AMEN MAN - parish clerk 
ANCHOR SMITH - made anchors 
ANCHORESS - female hermit or religious recluse 
ANCHORITE - male hermit or religious recluse 
ANILEPMAN - smallholder (tenant of the manor) 
ANGLE IRON SMITH - made angle iron ie. flat iron bars bent at right angles lengthways 
ANKLE BEATER - young person who helped to drive the cattle to market 
ANNATTO MAKER - worked in the manufacture of dyes for paint or printing 
ANTIGROPELOS MAKER - made waterproof leggings 
ANVIL SMITH - made anvils and hammers for blacksmiths 
APIARIAN - beekeeper 
APOTHECARY - prepared and sold medicines or drugs; pharmacist 
APPARITOR - official who summoned witnesses in the ecclesiastical courts 
APPRENTICE - was bound to a skilled worker for a specified time to learn a trade 
APRONEER - term used in London for a shopkeeper 
APRONMAN - mechanic 
AQUARIUS (EWAR) - waterman 
AQUAVITA SELLER - sold alcohol 
ARCHIATOR - physician 
ARCHIL MAKER - made a violet dye from lichens, used in the textile industry 
ARKWRIGHT - skilled craftsman who produced "arks" (wooden chests or coffers) 
ARMIGER - squire who carried the armour of a knight 
ARMOURER - made suits of armour or plates of armour for buildings or ships etc. 
ARTIFICER - highly respected skilled or artistic worker or craftsman or one that makes or contrives 
ASHMAN - dustman 
ASSAYER - determined the proportions of metal in ore 
ASSAY MASTER - determined the amount of gold or silver to go in coins 
AUGER MAKER - made the carpenters augers (used for boring holes in wood) 
AULNAGER - see Alnager 
AURIFABER - goldsmith 
AVENATOR (PLANTIFENE) - hay and forage merchant 
AVOWRY - term for the lord of the manor 
AXEL TREE MAKER / AXEL TREE TURNER - made axels for coaches and wagons 
BACKMAKER - made "backs", vats, tubs, a Cooper 
BACKMANN / BACKSTER / BAXTER / BECK / BECKER - baker 
BACK'US BOY - kitchen servant (from "back of the house") 
BACK WASHER - employed to clean the wool in the worsted manufacturing industry 
BADGER - licensed pauper who wore a badge with the letter P on it and could only work in a defined area (the term "Badgering comes from this"). A corn miller or dealer or an itinerant food trader 
BADGY FIDDLER - boy trumpeter in the military 
BAGMAN - travelling salesman 
BAGNIOKEEPER - n charge of a bath house or brothel 
BAILIFF / BAILIE / BAILLIE / BAILLEE - officer of the sheriff, a land steward acting on behalf of the Landowner or Landlord and in Scotland a magistrate of the burgh, also looked after the fishing rights on certain rivers 
BAIRMAN / BAREMAN - pauper or beggar 
BALER - bales hay and in the mills one who bailed wool or cotton goods 
BALISTER - archer most commonly a crossbowman 
BALLAST HEAVER - loaded ballast into the hold of empty ships 
BALLARD MASTER - in charge of loading the ballast into the hold of empty ships 
BALLER / BALLER UP - assisted the potter by measuring out the balls of clay 
BAL MAIDEN - female mine worker who worked on the surface (also a Pit Brow Lass) 
BAND FILER - metal worker in the gun making industry 
BANDSTER - bound the wheat sheaves after harvest 
BANG BEGGAR - officer of the parish who controlled the length of stay of any stranger to the parish 
BANKER - dug trenches and ditches to allow drainage of the land, placing the surplus earth in banks around the edge 
BANKSMAN - employed in the mining industry being in charge of the cages at the pit head (sometimes known as a bank manager) 
BARBER / BARBER SURGEON - a barber also also a surgeon (an Act was passed that limited Barbers to hair-cutting, shaving, dentistry and blood letting in the 18th century) 
BARD - poet or minstral 
BAREMAN - beggar or pauper 
BARGEE / BARGEMAN - worked on or owned and operated a barge 
BARGE MATE - Naval officer 
BARILLA MANUFACTURER - made barilla, a substance obtained from burning saltworts, the resulting mixture of sodium salts being used in the glass and ceramics industry 
BARKEEPER - another name for a tollkeeper 
BARKER - tanner 
BAUER - farmer 
BAXTER - baker 
BELHOSTE - tavern keeper. 
BARTONER - in charge of the monastic farm, also known as a barton 
BASIL WORKER - worked with sheep and goat skins 
BASKETMAN - made baskets and furniture from wicker, and also employed to empty the basket of coal being offloaded from the colliers into the barges 
BASS / BAST DRESSER - employed in dressing fibre or matting 
BATHING MACHINE PROPRIETOR - owned and hired the changing huts used at the seaside in the by bathers 
BATMAN - officers servant in the army 
BATT MAKER - made the wadding used in quilt and mattress making 
BATTER OUT - sliced a short cylinder of clay (a bat) from a "pug" and threw it onto a mold shaped for the face of a ceramic plate 
BATTLEDORE MAKER - made the beaters used on clothes carpets etc to remove the dust (later made the paddles used in washing machines) 
BAYWEAVER - who wove bay (a fine woollen fabric also known as baize) 
BEADLE / BEDEL / BEDELL - officer of the parish whose principle duty was to keep order, also was the town crier 
BEADMAN / BEADSMAN / BEDESMAN - employed to pray for his employer, inhabitant of an almshouse / poorhouse / hospital or tenant employed by the manor for a specific service 
BEAD PIERCER - employed to drill the holes in beads 
BEAMER - winds the warp on the roller before putting it on the loom in the textile industry 
BEARER - worked undergrpound carrying the coal to the bottom of the pit shaft and placed it in the containers for uplifting to the surface 
BEATER - cleansed and thickened the cloth by treading it underwater with fullers earth (aka Fuller) 
BEAVER - made felt used in hat making 
BEDMAN - sexton 
BEDRAL - in Scotland a minor church official 
BEDWEVERE - made the webbing for bed frames and also a one who wove quilts 
BEESKEPMAKER - made beehives 
BEETLER - operated a beetling machine, used in the textile trade for embossing fabric 
BELLEYETERE - bellfounder 
BELLFOUNDER / BELTER / BILLITER - made bells 
BELL HANGER - installed bells in churches 
BELLMAN - employed as a watchman or town crier or who worked for the post office and collected letters for the mail coach by walking the streets and ringing a bell 
BELLOWFARMER - responsible for the care and maintenance of the church organ 
BELLOWS MAKER - made bellows used for organs or blacksmiths fires 
BELLY BUILDER - built and fitted the interiors of pianos 
BENDER - cut leather 
BESSWARDEN - appointed by the parish to look after its animals 
BESOM MAKER - made brooms 
BEVER - beverage maker 
BIDDY - female servant usually of Irish stock 
BILLIER / BILLYMAN - operated a Billy Roller, a machine used in the cotton industry to prepare the cotton for spinning 
BILL POSTER - put up notices, signs and advertisements 
BINDER - bound items, e.g., books, hats etc . 
BIRD BOY - employed to scare away birds from crops 
BIRD CATCHER - caught birds for selling 
BIRDS NEST SELLER - sold bird nests collected from the wild complete with eggs which were then hatched by domestic birds and sold as pets 
BIRLYMAN - in Scotland a ground officer or parish arbiter 
BLACK TRAY MAKER - made Japanned trays 
BLACKING MAKER - made polish for shoes 
BLACK BORDERER - made black edged stationery for funerals 
BLADESMITH - swordmaker or knife maker 
BLAXTER / BLEACHER - bleached cloth or paper pulp 
BLEMMERE - plumber 
BLENTONIST - water diviner 
BLINDSMAN - employed by the Post Office to deal with incorrectly addressed letters and parcels 
BLOCKCUTTER / BLOCKER - made wooden blocks used in the hat trade or laid down the blocks on which a ships keel was laid; a blockcutter was also a person who made and cut the patterns into wooden blocks for textile printing 
BLOCK MAKER - engraved the blocks used in the printin 
BLOCK PRINTER - printer who used wooden blocks for printing 
BLOODMAN / BLOODLETTER - used leeches for letting blood, this was thought to be a cure for many ailments 
BLOOMER - produced iron from ore, a bloom smithy 
BLOWER - glass blower, one who operated a "blowing machine" used to clean and separate fibres in the textile trade, one who operated the bellows at a blacksmiths 
BLOWFEEDER - fed the fibres into a "blowing machine" 
BLUESTOCKING - female writer 
BLUFFER - innkeeper or landlord of a pub 
BOARDING OFFICER - inspected ships before entering port 
BOARDMAN - truant officer who checked school attendance. a tenant of manorial land who paid rent by maintaining the manor's table 
BOARDWRIGHT - made tables and chairs aka carpenter 
BOATMAN - worked on a boat, predominately on rivers and canals also the name given to a boat repairer 
BOATSWAIN - ship's officer in charge of riggings & sails 
BOBBER - who polished metals one who helped to unload fishing boats 
BOBBIN CARRIER - worked in spinning and weaving sections of the mills 
BOBBIN TURNER - made the bobbins used in the spinning and weaving industry 
BOBBY - policeman usually of constable rank 
BODEYS / BODY MAKER - made bodices for womens garments 
BODGER - craftsman who made wooden chair legs and the spars and usually worked in the actual woodland that they cut the timber in 
BOILERMAKER - worked with metal in any industrial setting 
BOILER PLATER - made rolled iron plate used to make boilers for steam engines etc 
BOLL - looked after power looms in the weaving industry 
BOLTER - sifted meal 
BONDAGER - female worker on a farm who was bonded 
BONDMAN - bonded to a master for the purpose of learning a skill or trade 
BONDSMAN - stood bond or surety for another where a bond was required by law 
BONE BUTTON TURNER - made buttons using a lathe 
BONE LACE MAKER - made pillow lace 
BONE MOULD TURNER - made the moulds for button manufacturers 
BONE PICKER - collected rags and bones aka Rag and Bone Man 
BONESETTER - set broken bones 
BONIFACE - keeper of an inn 
BOOK GILDER - decorated books with gold leaf 
BOOKHOLDER - prompter in the theater 
BOOK KEEPER - looked after the accounts for businesses 
BOOKMAN - student 
BOONMASTER - surveyor of roads with the responsibilities of maintaining and repairing the road 
BOOTBINDER - employed to operate the machines which bound footware 
BOOT CATCHER - servant at inn who pulled off traveler's boots 
BOOT CLOSER - worked in the shoe trade stitching together all the parts of a shoe upper 
BOOTHMAN - corn merchant 
BORLER - who made cheap coarse clothing 
BORSHOLDER - regional name (Kent) for a constable 
BOTCHER - tailor or cobbler 
BOTTILER / BOTTLER - made leather containers for holding liquids eg wine flasks or water bottles 
BOTTLE BOY - pharmacists assistant 
BOTTOM MAKER - moulded the bottoms for saggers in the pottery industry 
BOTTOM KNOCKER - sagger makers assistant in the pottery industry 
BOTTOMER - worked down the pits moving the ore etc to the bottom of the shaft for removal 
BOWDLER - worked with iron ore 
BOWKER - bleached yarn. A local term in some parts of Lancashire for a butcher 
BOWLER - made bowls and dishes and also a term used for those who made the rounded part of spoons before casting 
BOWLMAN / BOWLWOMAN - dealer in crockery 
BOWLMINDER - in charge of the vats used for washing raw wool before processing 
BOWYER / BOWER - made bows used in archery 
BOZZLER - parish constable 
BRABENER - weaver 
BRACHYGRAPHER - shorthand writer 
BRAIDER - made cord by twisting threads or strips of leather 
BRAILLER - made girdles 
BRAKEMAN / BRAKESMAN - operated the winch at the pit head or operated the braking mechanism on trains and trams 
BRASILER - dyer 
BRAZIER - worker with brass 
BREWSTER - female brewer or brewer 
BRIGHTSMITH - metal worker 
BROOM-DASHER - dealer in brooms 
BROOM SQUIRE - broom maker 
BROTHERER / BROWDERER / BRODERER / BROIDERER - embroiderer 
BROW GIRL - female employed at the pit head 
BROWNSMITH - works with copper or brass 
BUCKLER / BUCKLESMITH - made buckles 
BUCKLE TONGUE MAKER - made the metal points that go in the holes of a belt 
BUCKRAM MAKER - worked with buckram (used in stiffening materials) e.g. belts, lapels and collars 
BUCK WASHER - laundress 
BUDDLEBOY - employed to use and maintain the vats used in the lead and tin mines for washing the ore 
BUDDLER - women and children who washed the ore at the copper mines in Allihies, Berehaven 
BUFFALO SOLDIER - soldier serving in a black regiment in the US Army in the West 
BULLWHACKER - oxen driver 
BULLOCKY - attended to the daily needs of cattle and may also have lent a hand with general farm duties, especially during busy periods 
BUMBOAT MAN - met ships at anchor with goods for passengers and crew to purchase 
BUMMER - army deserter 
BUMMAREE - middle man between the wholesaler and the retailer at the fish markets 
BUNTER - female rag & bone collector 
BURGESS - represented a borough at official levels BURELER - made borel, a woollen cloth with a coarse feel 
BURGOMASTER - mayor 
BURLER - quality inspector for clothing 
BURMAIDEN - chambermaid or lady-in-waiting 
BURNEMAN - carrier of barm or water for brewers 
BURYE MAN - grave digger 
BUSHEL MAKER - cooper 
BUSHELER - tailor's helper 
BUSS MAKER - maker of guns 
BUSKER - hair dresser and also a street entertainer 
BUTNER - button maker 
BUTTER CARVER - made imprints in butter pats 
BUTTON BURNISHER - button polisher 
BUTTY - negotiated mining contracts and supplied the labor 
CADDY BUTCHER - butcher that dealt in horse meat 
CADDIE - messenger or errand boy 
CADGER - beggar 
CAFENDER - carpenter 
CAFFLER - rag and bone collector 
CAINER - made walking sticks 
CAIRD - another term for a tinker 
CALCINER - burnt bones to make powdered lime 
CALENDER - listed documents 
CALENDERER / CALENDERMAN / CALENDER WORKER - operated a machine which pressed using two large rollers (calender) used to press and finish fabrics or paper 
CALICO PRINTER - dyed and colored calico 
CAMBRIC MAKER - made a fine linen or cotton fabric called cambric 
CAMISTER - minister of the cloth 
CANDLE MAKER / CANDLER - who made and sold candles 
CAMBIST - banker 
CAMERIST - lady's maid 
CAMLET MERCHANT - seller of camlet, cloth used to make cloaks & petticoats 
CAMPANER - bell maker 
CANDY MAN - traveling candy salesman and also slang name for a baliff 
CANCELLARIUS - chancellor 
CANER / CHAIR BOTTOMER - made the seats for chairs out of woven cane 
CANNALLER - canal boat worker 
CANTER - religious speaker who uses cant 
CANTING CALLER - auctioneer 
CANVASER - made canvas 
CAPER - cap maker 
CAPILLAIRE MAKER - made orange flavored syrup 
CAPITALIST - investor 
CAPPER / CAP MAKER - made caps usually worn by the working class 
CAPTAIN - in charge of a ship or a group of soldiers and also term for an overseer 
CARDROOMER - term for anyone who worked in the carding room of the mills 
CARDER - cards wool 
CARDMAKER - maker of cards or instruments for combing wool 
CARMAN / CHARMAN / CARTER / CARRIER - drove a vehicle used to transport goods 
CARD NAILER / NAILORA - maintained the teeth (nails) on the carding machine used for preparing wool and cotton for weaving 
CARETAKER - takes care of another's property 
CARNER - granary keeper 
CARNIFEX - butcher 
CARPENTARIUS - carpenter 
CARRY-IN-BOY - took finished bottled (products) to the tempering oven 
CARTER - carries or conveys in or as if in a cart 
CART WHEELER - made cart wheels 
CARTOGRAPHER - map maker 
CARTOMANCER - fortune teller who used cards 
CARTWRIGHT - maker of carts & wagons 
CASHMARIE - sold fish usually at inland markets 
CASTER / CASTORA - made small bottles used for sprinkling salt, pepper, sugar etc 
CASTRATOR - who castrated farm animals aka gelder 
CATAGMAN - cottager 
CATCHPOLE / CATCHPOLLA - sheriff's assistance or bailiff 
CATECHISTA - teacher of religion 
CATTLE JOBBER - buys and sells cattle 
CAULKER - filled up cracks (in ships or windows) or seams to make them watertight 
CEILER - puts up the ceilings in buildings 
CELLARMAN - looked after the beer, wines and spirits in public houses or the warehouse 
CEMMER - hand combed the yarn before weaving 
CHAFF CUTTER - made chaff by cutting straw 
CHAFFERER - dealer in chaff 
CHAIR BODGER - traveling chair repairman 
CHAISE MAKER - made carts from wicker 
CHALONER - dealer in shalloon, a material made in Ch.lons 
CHAMBERLAIN - steward to either royalty or nobility, in charge of the household 
CHAMBERMAID - female servant attending to bedrooms in houses or inns 
CHAMBER MASTER - shoemaker that worked from home as an outworker or selling direct 
CHAUNTER - street entertainer who sung ballads 
CHEESE FACTOR / CHEESEMAN / CHEESE MONGER - dealer in cheeses 
CHANDLER - candle seller, grocer, provisioner, usually associated with provisioning ships 
CHANTY MAN - sailor that led the singing of shanties on board ship 
CHAPELER - made and sold hats 
CHAPMAN / COPEMAN / PETTY CHAPMAN / CEAPMAN - dealer or peddler of goods usually itinerant going from village to village. 
CHARCOAL BURNER - made charcoal usually in the woods where the trees were cut 
CHARTMASTER - middleman that negotiated mining contracts and suppiled the labour 
CHARWOMAN - cleaning woman 
CHATELAINE - mistress of a castle or house 
CHECKWEIGHMAN - employed by a group of miners paid piecework (by the ton mined) to check coal weight recorded by the mine management 
CHIFFONIER - wig maker or ragpicker 
CHILDBED LINEN WAREHOUSE KEEPER / DEALER - hired bedlinen for childbirth as most children were born at home 
CHIMNEY SWEEP - chimney cleaner 
CHINGLOR - rooftiler who used wooden shingles 
CHIP - shipwright or carpenter 
CHIPPERS LABOURER - assistant to a shipwright or ships carpenter 
CHIROPODIST - treats diseases of the feet & hands 
CHIRUGION or CHIRURGEON - apothecary or surgeon (usually learned by apprenticeship) 
CHOWDER - fish monger 
CHRONOLOGIST - recorded official events of historical importance 
CINDER WENCH - female who collected the cinders from gas works and sold them door to door 
CLAKER - magician/astrologer 
CLAPMAN - town crier 
CLARK - clerk 
CLASSMAN - unemployed laborer 
CLAVIGER - servant 
CLAY CARRIER - assistant to the shot firer in the pits 
CLAYMAN / CLEYMAN - worked in the clay pits usually preparing the clay for making bricks and also one who coated the outside of buildings with clay to make them water proof 
CLERICUS - clerk 
CLERK - clergyman or cleric 
CLICKER - worked in the shoe trade cutting out the lowers and one in charge of the final stage of layout before printing in printing industry 
CLIPPER / CLIPPER ON / CLIPPER OFF - attached the coal carts to the wire or rope which was used to drag the carts to and from the coal face 
CLOD HOPPER - plowman 
CLOGGER - maker of wooden shoes 
CLOTH LAPPER - took the cloth from the carding machine readied it for the next process 
CLOTH LINTER / CLOTH PICKER - removed unwanted threads and lint from the finished material 
CLOTHIER / CLOTHESMAN / CLOTHMAN - who made or sold clothes 
CLOUTER / CLOWER - made nails also another term for a shoemaker for the former term 
COACHMAN / COACH DRIVER - drove any coach 
COAL BACKER - carried the sacks of coal from the coal barge to the coal wagons 
COAL BURNER - made charcoal 
COAL DRAWER - worked in the mines pushing or dragging the coal carts to the bottom of the pit 
COAL HEAVER - unloaded coal COALMAN / COAL MERCHANT / COAL HIGGLER - sold coal usually from a horse and cart, house to house. 
COALMETER - measured the coal 
COAL RUNNER - attended the coal carts underground 
COAL WHIPPER - unloaded coal from ships using baskets attached to a simple form of crane 
COAST SURVEYOR / WAITER - customs officer who watched over the ofloading off goods on the coast 
COBBLER - shoemaker 
COBLEMAN - used a flat bottomed boat for fishing 
COCUS - cook 
COD PLACER - put fire proof containers which held the pottery for firing into the kiln 
COHEN - a priest 
COINER - worked at the mint stamping out coins 
COLLAR MAKER - made horse collars and one who made shirt collars 
COLLIER - coal miner, a coal merchant or one who worked on the coal barges 
COLONUS - Latin for farmer or husbandman 
COLPORTEUR - traveling Bible or religious book salesman 
COLOURATOR / COLORATORA - worked with dyes 
COLOUR MAN - mixed the dyes in the textile trade and also assistant to a house painter 
COMBER or COMBERE - combs wool 
COMB MAKER - made combs either for the textile industry for combing wool etc. or the maker of hair combs 
COMPOSITOR - set the type ready for printing 
CONDER / CONNER - gave steering instructions to the steersman and also gave directions to inshore fisherman of fish movements on shoals (usually from the top of cliffs or rocks) 
CONEY CATCHER - rabbit catcher 
CONFECTIONER - candy maker 
CONNER - inspector or tester 
COOPER or CUPER - maker of barrels 
COPEMAN / COPER - dealer in goods and also dishonest dealer in horses in the latter case 
COPPERBEATER / COPPERBETER - coppersmith 
COPPERSMITH - worked with copper 
CORACLE MAKER - made coracles, a small round boat used for fishing 
CORDINER / CORDWAINER / CORVINER / CORVISOR - originally term used for one who worked with Cordovan (a special leather from Spain) but later term used for shoemaker 
CORPORAL (or Doggy) - man in charge of underground haulage hands 
COSTERMONGER - fruit seller 
COSTER WIFE - female fruit seller 
COTILER - cutler 
COTTIER - landless farmer in the Irish midland estates that farmed at will, not year to year 
COUPER - buys & sells 
COURANTEER - journalist 
COWHERD - cow tender 
COWKEEPER - kept one or more cows (a common source of livelihood in cities) when a cow was kept in the back yard of a house, providing milk which was sold at the front door or window, forerunner of the local dairy 
COXWAIN - ship or boat helmsman 
CRATCH MAKER - made cratches (mangers, cribs, or frames) for hay 
CRIER - law court officer, auctioneer, town announcer 
CRIMPER - member of navy press gang 
CROCKER - potter 
CROFTER - tenant of a small piece of land 
CROPPER - tenant who is paid with a share of the crop 

CROSIER / CROZIER - bearer of the pastoral staff of a bishop or the bearer of the cross before the archbishop in the church 
CROWNER - coroner 
CUHREUR (CUNREUR) - currier 
CURER - cures tobacco 
CURRETTER - broker 
CURRIER - cures or tans hides 
CUSTOMER - customs tax collector 
CUTLER - knife seller or sharpener 
DAGUERREOTYPE ARTIST - early name for a photographer (from the Daguerreotype method) 
DAIRYMAN - worker or owner of a dairy farm or seller of dairy products 
DAMSTER - builder of dams for logging purposes 
DANTER - female overseer in the winding rooms of a silk mill 
DATELER / DAY MAN / DAYTALEMAN - casual worker, usually employed by the day 
DEATHSMAN - executioner 
DECIMER / DOZENER - elected by the householders in a street to act as their representative at the borough's Court Leet 
DECOYMAN - employed to decoy the wild fowl, animals etc into a trap or within shooting range 
DECRETIST - knowledgeable in decrees, decretals 
DEEMER / DEEMSTER / DEMSTER / DEMPSTER - judge, usually in the Channel Isles or Isle of Man 
DELVER - dug ditches 
DEPATER - precious metal refiner 
DEPUTY - safety officer for the pit crew in the mining industry 
DERRICKMAN - worked on an oil well handling the tubes and rods used in drilling 
DEVIL - printer's errand boy 
DEVILLER - operated the devil, a machine that tore rags used in the textile industry 
DEXTER - dyer 
DEY WIFE - female dairy worker 
DEXTER - dyer 
DIKEMAN / DYKEMAN - hedger or ditcher 
DIPPER - who worked in the pottery trade and was responsible for the glazing of items 
DISHER / DISH THROWER - who made bowls and dishes 
DISH TURNER - who made wooden bowls or dishes 
DISTILLER - maker of alcoholic beverages 
DISTRIBUTOR - parish official attached to the workhouse / poorhouse who looked after the secular needs of the poor 
DOCKER / DOCK WALLOPER - dock worker, longshoreman 
DOCK MASTER - in charge of a dockyard 
DOG LEECH - veterinarian 
DOG-WHIPPER - drove dogs away in a village 
DOMESMAN - judge 
DOMESTIC - household servant 
DONKEY BOY / DONKEY MAN - driver of a carriage for passengers 
DOOR KEEPER - guard, janitor, or porter 
DOUBLER - operated a machine used to twist together strands of fibre (cotton, wool etc) 
DOWSER / DIVINER - water finder 
DRAGMAN - fisher man who fished by dragging a net along the bottom of the water 
DRAGOMAN - acted as interpreter or guide in Turkish or Arabic 
DRAGSMAN - driver of a small stage coach or carriage used for public transport or private hire 
DRAGOON - mounted infantryman 
DRAINER - made drains 
DRAPER - dealer in fabrics and sewing needs 
DRAWBOY - weavers assistant in the shawl making mills , they sat atop the looms and lifted the heavy warps. 
DRAYMAN - cart driver 
DREDGERMAN - one who in a boat to collect the bits and pieces that had fallen overboard from other vessels which then were sold (London occupation) 
DRESSER - one who dresses another, surgeon's assistant and also one who operated a machine which prepared threads in the textile industry 
DRESSING MACHINE MAKER - made sewing machines 
DRIFT MAKERA - made drift nets, used in the fishing industry 
DRIPPING MAN - dealer in dripping (the fat collected during the cooking of meats) 
DRIVER - slave overseer 
DROVER - sheep or cattle driver 
DRUGGER - pharmacist 
DRUMMER - traveling salesman 
DRY SALTER - dealer in pickles, dried meats, and sauces or a dealer in dyes and colors used in the dying trade 
DUBBERE - cloth dubber, i.e., one who raises the nap of cloth 
DUFFER - peddler of cheap goods 
DUSTMAN / DUSTBIN MAN - collected domestic refuse 
DRY STONE WALLER (DRY STANE DYKER in Scottish) - built stone walls usually using the stones removed from the fields as building materials. The art was in not using any cement or mortar and generally not cutting the stone, but being able to see where variuos stones would fit together 
DYER - employed in the textile mills to color fabric prior to weaving 
DYKER - Scottish term for a stonemason 
EALDORMAN - n official of the shire courts who acted as the King's deputy taking payment from the profits of the court 
EBONITE TURNER - one who worked with ebonite or vulcanite, making combs or ornaments etc 
EARER - plowwman 
EARTH STOPPER - one who plugs up animal holes 
EGG FACTOR / EGGLER - egg or poultry dealer 
ELEPHANTS TEETH DEALER - who dealt in ivory ornaments etc 
ELLERMAN / ELLIMAN - who sold oil used for lamps and known as an oilman 
ELYMAKER - oilmaker 
EMBOSSER - who moulded or carved designs that were raised above the surface of the material 
EMPRESARIO - land broker, settlement scheme promoter, showman 
ENDHOLDERNN - inn keeper 
ENGINEMAN - employed at a mine to be in charge of the machinery used to crush the ore 
ENGINE TENTER - who operated the machine which stretched the cloth whilst drying in a woolllen mill 
ENSIGN - commissioned officer in the navy 
ENUMERATOR - who collected the information for the census from the householder and recorded it 
EQUERRY - officer of the royal household usually responsible for the royal horses 
EREMITE - hermit 
ERITE - heretic 
ESQUIRE - one who attended a knight, which later became a title for a man of standing in society 
ESTAFETTE - mounted courier 
EWE HERD - shepherd 
EXCHEQUER - revenue collector 
EXCISEMAN - excise tax collector 
EXPRESSMAN - person employed in the express business 
EYER - one who made eyes in needles used for sewing. Sometimes called a Holer 
FABER - artisan or workman 
FABRICATOR - maker 
FACTOR - an agent employed by merchants to transact business of buying and selling and a Scottish term for the steward of an estate responsible for collection of land rents 
FAGETTER - made up faggots into bundles, seller of firewood 
FAKER - photographic assistant who added color to photographs by hand before color film was available 
FALCONER - breeds, trains, or hunts with hawks 
FANCY-PEARL WORKER - worked in mother-of-pearl making buttons or fancy goods 
FANCY MAN - pimp 
FANCY WOMAN - prostitute 
FANNER - grain winnower 
FANWRIGHT - maker and repairer of fans or winnowing baskets 
FARANDMAN - traveling merchant 
FARMER - often descendant of the gentry and, ultimately, noble classes; usually having servants and farm workers, e.g., husbandmen, groomsmen, etc 
FARRIER / FERROUR - horse shoer or blacksmith 
FAWKNER - trainer of falcons 
FEAR-NOTHING MAKER - weaver of special kind of thick woollen cloth known as fear-nought, used for protective clothing and lining portholes, walls, and doors of powder magazines on board ships. 
FEATHER BEATER / FEATHER DRIVER - cleanser of feathers 
FEATHER-DRESSER - who cleaned and prepared feathers for sale 
FEATHERMAN - dealer in feathers and plumes 
FEATHER-WIFE - woman who prepared feathers for use 
FEEDER - herdsman 
FELLER - woodcutter 
FELL MONGER - remover of hair or wool from hides in leather making 
FELTER - worker in the hatting industry 
FERONER - ironmonger 
FERRETER - dealer in or manufacturer of ferret, ie. silk tape 
FETTLER - cleaned the machinery in woollen mills, removing accumulated fibres, grease, etc., sharpened the fustian cutters knives or needlemaker who filed the needle to a point 
FEVER - blacksmith 
FEWSTER - maker of saddletrees 
FEWTERER - keeper of hounds, for hunting or coursing 
FIDDLER - used a fiddle (small knife) to remove the flashing from cast clay forms such as bowl, creamers, cups or pitchers 
FILE CUTTER - a maker of files, involved the cutting of grooves on the file surface 
FILIBUSTER - American mercenaries in South America, gun runners 
FILLER - who filled bobbins in mills 
FINE DRAWER - employed in tailoring to repair tears in the cloth (invisible mending) 
FINISHER - operated machine giving final touches to a manufactured article in various trades 
FIREBEATER - tended the boilers that powered the machinery in a cotton mill 
FIREMAN - inspected for, and removed explosive gasses underground in mining or stoked the boilers on ships and locomotives 
FIRST HAND - silk weaver who had his own loom (an outworker) 
FISCERE - fisherman 
FISHER (FISHDRYVER) - victualler 
FISH FAG - female fish monger 
FITTER - coal broker 
FLAUNER - confectioner 
FLASHER - specialist process worker in the glass industry 
FLATMAN / FLOATMAN - navigated a flat, a broad flat-bottomed boat used for transport, especially in shallow waters 
FLAXDRESSER - prepared flax prior to spinning 
FLESHMONGER / FLESHER - butcher or one who worked in a tannery 
FLESHEWER - butcher 
FLETCHER - arrowsmith (from French fleche). 
FLOATER - vagrant or one who regulated the year-round workings of the watermeadows in winter by adjusting the hatches on the channels to flood or float the meadows with a shallow covering of water to protect them from frost and encourage the early growth of new grass mainly for early feed for sheep and other animals. The sheep were pastured on the new grass by day and driven up on to the downs to be folded by night to provide the manure needed for the coming season's grain crops 
FLUSHERMAN - who cleaned out water mains 
FLYCOACHMAN - driver of one-horse carriage hired by the day 
FLYING STATIONER - street broadsheet seller 
FLYMAN - driver of a light vehicle hired out for carriage of passenger or Theatre stage hand 
FOGGER - peddler or low class lawyer 
FOISTER / FOISTERER - joiner 
FOOT MAIDEN - female servant 
FOOT MAN - servant who ran errands 
FOOT PAD - robber 
FOOT-POST - letter carrier or messenger who travelled on foot 
FOOT STRAIGHTENER - one who assembled watch and clock dials in watchmaking 
FORESTER - game warden or forest ranger 
FORGEMAN - blacksmith or assistant (coachsmith 18th century Derbyshire) 
FORGER - blacksmith, worker at a forge 
FOSSETMAKER - who made faucets for ale-casks, etc 
FOWER - street cleaner, sweeper 
FOWLER / FOGLER / FUGLER / VOWLER / VOGELER / VOGLER / VAGELER / VOGELAAR / VOGLER - keeper or catcher of birds 
FRAME SPINNER - worker on a loom 
FRAMER - one who frames houses 
FRAMEWORKER KNITTER - operator of machine which made hosiery 
FREEDMAN - one released from slavery 
FREEMASON - stonecutter 
FRESER - maker of frieze, a rough plaster 
FRESHWATER MAN - sailed boat on fresh water only or in the coastal trade 
FRIPPERER - buyer & seller of old clothes 
FRISEUR - hair dresser 
FROBISHER / FURBISHER / FURBER / FURBOUR - remover of rust, a polisher of metal, eg. armour 
FRUITERER - fruit seller 
FRUITESTERE - female fruit seller 
FULKER - pawnbroker 
FULLER - cloth worker who shrinks, beats and presses the cloth (also see WALKER) 
FUNAMBULIST - tightrope walker 
FURBISHER - armor polisher 
FURNER - baker 
FURRIER - seller or maker of furs 
FUSTIAN WEAVER - maker of corduroy 
GABELER - tax collector 
GAFFER - foreman of a work crew or in glass factory, one who smoothed, reheated the neck of and formed lip on a bottle 
GAFFMAN - a bailiff 
GAGER - tax collector of liquor taxes 
GALVANISER - iron worker who handled process of coating metal with zinc, to inhibit formation of rust 
GAMESTER - gambler or prostitute 
GANGER - overseer or foreman from 1850 onwards 
GANGSMAN - foreman 
GANNEKER - tavern keeper 
GAOLER - jailer 
GARCIFER / GARCIO - groom; attendant 
GARLEKMONGER - garlicmonger; dealer in garlic 
GARTHMAN - owner or worker of a fish trap 
GAS MANAGER - forman position in charge of checking for poisonous gas in coal mine shafts 
GATER - watchman 
GATHERER - glassworker who inserted the blow iron into the molten glass ready for the blower 
GATHERERS BOY - held a shovel to shield the gatherer's face from the heat 
GATWARD - goat keeper 
GAUGER - customs official who measured the capacity of imported barrels of liquor in order to calculate the customs duty 
GAUNTER - glover 
GAVELLER - userer and in the Forest of Dean, an officer fo the Crown who granted gales or the right to work a mine and in Suffolk a harvest worker, usually female 
GETTER - produced coal at the coal face 
GELDER - castrator of animals, especially horses 
GEOMETER - skilled in geometry 
GERUND GRINDER - Latin instructor 
GILDER - applies gold leaf 
GIMLER - machinist involved in making a gimp, a kind of card 
GINOUR - engineer 
GIRDLER - leather worker who made girdles and belts, chiefly for the Army 
GLASS COACHMAN - driver of two-horse carriage hired out for the day 
GLASSEWRYGHT - glasswright; maker and mender of glassware 
GLAZIER - glass cutter or window classman 
GLIMMER MAN - in Dublin, the man who would turn out (or down) the gas street-lights and also warn people turn out lights in their houses to ensure blackouts during bombing raids at War time 
GLOVER - one that makes or sells gloves 
GOAT CARRIAGE MAN - driver of small passenger carriage 
GOLDSMITH - maker of gold articles, banker 
GOOSE HERD - tends geese 
GORZEMAN - seller of gorse or broom 
GRACE WIFE - midwife 
GRAFFER - notary or scrivener 
GRAINER - painted wood to make it look like great and exotic woods 
GRANGER - farmer 
GRAVER - carver or sculptor, engraver of images or dockside worker who cleaned ship bottoms by burning and tarring 
GRAZIER - pastures and raises cattle 
GREAVE / GRIEVE - bailiff, foreman, sheriff 
GREEN GROCER - fruit and vegetable seller 
GREENSMITH - worker in copper or latten 
GRIMBRIBBER - lawyer 
GROOVER - miner 
GROUNDSEL & CHICKWEED SELLER - streetseller of common weeds, used to feed pet songbirds 
GUINEA PIG - an unattached, or roving person whose fee was usally a guinea 
GUMMER - one who improved old saws by deepening the cuts 
GUTTA-PERCHA MANUFACTURER - makes a tough plastic substance derived from latex and percha scrap used especially as insulation and in dentistry 
GYNOUR - engineer 
GYP - college servant especially one attending undergraduates 
HABERDASHER - seller of men's clothing 
HACKER - maker of hoes 
HACKLER / HACKMAN / HECKLER - one who separated the coarse part of flax or hemp with a hackle, an instrument with teeth in linen industry 
HACKNEY MAN - renter of horses & carriages 
HAIR SEATING & CURLED HAIR MERCHANT - dealer in horse-hair stuffing used in upholstery 
HAIRWEAVER / HAIRMAN - weaver of cloth composed wholly or partly of horsehair 
HALBERT CARRIER - soldier or halberdier, armed with a halberd, a combination spear and battleaxe (a ceremonial officer) 
HAMMERMAN - hammerer, a smith 
HAND FLOWERER - ladies living mainly in rural locations who embroidered flowers or similar designs on muslin or cambric 
HANDLE STICKER - put handles on cast ceramic cups, pitchers, etc 
HANDSELLER - street vendor 
HANDWOMAN - midwife or female attendant 
HANKYMAN - a travelling magician in Victorian/Edwardian England 
HANGER-ON / HOOKER-ON / ONSETTER -- hung corves (originally baskets) on rope at the pit-bottom; later used for man who pushed tubs of coal into the mine-shaft cage 
HANSARD - weapon maker or seller 
HARLOT - vagabond, beggar, rogue, 14th century male servant, attendant or menial, and 15th century, loose woman 
HARMER BECK - constable 
HARPER - performer on the harp 
HATCHLER - combed out or carded flax 
HATTER - maker of or dealer in hats 
HAWKER / HUCKSTER - peddler 
HAYMONGER - dealer in hay 
HAYWARD - fence viewer 
HEADSMAN - executioner 
HEADSWOMAN - midwife 
HEALD KNITTER - operator of a machine which produced a jersey type of fabric as opposed to woven fabric 
HECK MAKER - maker of a part of a spinning machine by which the yarn is guided to the reels 
HEDGE LOOKER - supervised good repair of fence and enclosures 
HEDGER - hedge trimmer 
HEELMAKER - made shoe heels 
HELLIER / HILLIER - tiler or slater 
HELLO GIRL - telephone employee in the early 1900s 
HELPER-UP - young boy employed in Durham pits to help other workers 
HEMPHECKLER - flax worker 
HENCHMAN / HENSMAN - horseman or groom 
HENTER - thief 
HETHELEDER - provider of heather for fuel 
HEWER - miner who cut coal, stone, etc., a face worker in a mine 
HIGGLER - one who haggles or bargains or itinerant dealer, similar to a cadger 
HIGHWAYMAN - robber who preys on public roads 
HILLARD / HILLER / HILLIER - covered houses with slate; tiler 
HIND - farm laborer 
HIRED MAN - gardener, farmhand, or stableman 
HOBBLER - boat tower on a river or canal 
HODSMAN - mason's assistant 
HOGGARD - pig drover 
HOGHEAD / HOGGER - railroad engineer or train driver 
HOLSTER - groom who took care of horses 
HONEY DIPPER - extracted raw sewage from catch basins and out-houses 
HOOFER - dancer 
HOOKER - 16th century reaper, 19th century worker in textile industry who operated a machine which laid fabric flat in uniform folds of any required length 
HOOPER - makes hoops for casks (not a cooper) 
HORNER - worker in horn making spoons, combs, or musical horns 
HORSE COURSER - owner of race horses 
HORSE KNAVE - groom 
HORSE LEECH - veterinarian, farrier 
HORSE MARINE - man-handled barges on canals when horses could not be used 
HORSE-CAPPER - dealer in worthless horses 
HORSE-HAIR CURLER - dressed horse hair which was used extensively in the upholstery trade 
HOSIER - retailer of stockings, socks, gloves, nightcaps 
HOSTELLER - innkeeper 
HOSTLER / OSTLER - cares for horses, stableman, groom, repairer or railway engines 
HOUSE JOINER - house framer 
HOUSE WRIGHT - house builder 
HOTPRESSER - worker in paper or textile industries where product was pressed between glazed boards and hot metal plates to obtain a smooth and shiny surface 
HOYMAN - one who carries goods and passengers by water (Hoy - small coastal vessel or sloop) 
HOWDY WIFE - midwife 
HUCKSTER - sells small wares 
HUISSHER - usher or door attendant 
HURDLEMAN / HURDLER - hedge-maker, of wattled framework fencing 
HURRIERS - term applied to the girls aged 5-18 who were employed as coal-drawers in the coal industry 
HUSBANDMAN - tenant farmer 
HUSH SHOP KEEPER - brewed and sold beer without a license (usually as a side line) 
ICEMAN - seller or deliverer of ice 
IDLEMAN - gentleman of leisure 
INFIRMARIAN - in charge of an infirmary 
INTELLIGENCER - spy 
INTENDENT - director of a public or government business 
INTERFACTOR - murderer 
IRON FOUNDER - one who founds or iron 
IRON MONGER - dealer in hardware made of iron (also known as a feroner) 
IRON MASTER - owner or manager of a foundry 
IVORY WORKERS - included makers of combs, boxes, billard balls, buttons, and keys for pianofortes 
JACK - young male assistant, sailor, or lumberjack 
JACK-FRAME TENTER - cotton industry worker who operated a jack-frame, used for giving a twist to the thread 
JACK-SMITH - maker of lifting machinery and contrivances 
JAGGER - carrier, carter, pedlar or hawker of fish; 19th century, young boy in charge of 'jags'or train of trucks in coal mine; man in charge of pack horse carrying iron ore to be smelted 
JAKES-FARMER - one who emptied cesspools 
JAPANNER - one who covers with a hard brilliant coat of any of several varnishes 
JERQUER - custom house officer who searched ships 
JERSEY COMBER - worker in woollen manufacture (Jersey - wool which has been combed but not spun into yarn) 
JIGGERMAN - operated a spinning wheel (Jigger) to form the foot (back side) of a ceramic plate 
JOBBER - a buyer in quantity to sell to others, a pieceworker 
JOBLING GARDENER - one employed on a casual basis 
JOBMASTER - supplied carriages, horses and drivers for hire 
JOYNER or JOINER - skilled carpenter 
JONGLEUR - traveling minstrel 
JOURNEYMAN / JORMAN - one who served his apprenticeship and mastered his craft; properly, one who no longer is bound to serve for years but is hired day to day 
JOUSTER - fish monger 
KEDGER - fisherman 
KEEKER - colliery official who checked quantity and quality of coal output or weighman 
KEELER / KEELMAN - bargeman (from keel, a flat bottomed boat) 
KEEPER - controlled the quantities of ore and fuel, regulated the blast and tapped the molten metal from the furnace 
KEMPSTER - wool comber 
KIDDIER - skinner or dealer in young goats 
KILNER - limeburner, in charge of a kiln 
KISSER - made cuishes and high armour 
KNACKER - harness maker, buyer of old horses and dead animals 
KNAPPERS - dressed and shaped flints into required shape and size 
KNELLER / KNULLER - chimmney sweep who solicited custom by knocking on doors 
KNOCKER-UP - man paid to wake up northern mill and factory workers on early shifts 
KNOCKKNOBBLER - dog catcher 
KNOLLER - toller of bells 
LACE-DRAWER - child employed in lace work, drawing out threads 
LACEMAN - dealer in lace, who collected it from the makers, usually only those who had bought his thread, and sold it in the lace markets 
LACE-MASTER / MISTRESS - employed workers in factories or in their homes for the production of lace 
LACE-RUNNER - young worker who embroidered patterns on lace 
LACEWOMAN - lady's maid 
LAGGER - sailor 
LAGRAETMAN - local constable (Law-Rightman) 
LAMPA / LAMPE - Swedish and German for glass blower, i.e. oil lamp maker 
LARDNER - keeper of the cupboard 
LASTER - shoe maker 
LATTENER - brass worker 
LANDWAITER - customs officer whose duty was to wait or attend on landed goods 
LAUNDERER - washer 
LAVENDER - washer woman 
LAYER - worker in paper mill responsible for a particular stage in paper-making process 
LEAVELOOKER - examined food on sale at market 
LEECH or SAWBONES - physician 
LEGERDEMAINIST - magician 
LEGGER - canal boatman 
LEHRER - teacher 
LEIGHTONWARD - gardener (leighton - a garden) 
LIGHTERMAN - worker on a flat-bottomed boat 
LIMNER - illuminator of books, painter or drawer 
LINENER - linen draper, shirtmaker 
LINER / LYNER - flax dresser 
LINKERBOY / MAN - one who carried a link or torch to guide people through city streets at night for a small fee (had to be licensed to trade in early 19th century had and term later sometimes applied to general manservant ) 
LISTER / LITSTER - dyer 
LITTERMAN - groom (of horses) 
LOADSMAN - ship's pilot 
LOBLOLLY BOY - ship's doctor's assistant or errand boy 
LOCK KEEPER - overseer of canal locks 
LONGSHOREMAN - stevedore 
LONG SONG SELLER - street seller who sold popular songsheets printed on paper 
LORIMER - maker of horse gear 
LOTSELLER - street seller 
LOTTER - one who bought odd lots of wool and consolidated them for sale 
LUMPER - dock laborer who discharged cargo of timber employed by a master lumper (not the Dock Company) or fine-grain saltmaker, from practice of moulding salt into lumps 
LUM SWOOPER - chimney sweep 
LUNGS - alchemist's servant whose duty was to fan the fire 
LUTHIER - maker and repairer of stringed musical instruments 
MADERER - gathered and sold garlic 
MAID - female domestic servant 
MAIL GUARD - armed guard, frequently an ex-soldier, employed on the mail coach service 
MAISE MAKER - one who made measures for weighing herring catch 
MALEMAKER - maker of 'Males' or travelling bags 
MALENDER - farmer 
MALSTER - brewer, maker or seller of malts 
MANCIPLE - steward 
MANGLER - works a mangle 
MANGLE KEEPER - woman who offered use of the mangle for a fee 
MANGO - slave dealer 
MANTUAMAKER - dressmaker 
MARBLER - one who stained paper or other material, veined in imitation of marble 
MARSHALL - horse doctor of shoesmith 
MARSHMAN - paid by various landowners to look after marshlands and tend the animals put to graze there for the season 
MASHMAKER - maker of the mash-vats or mashels used for mixing malt 
MASON - stonecutter 
MASTER - one of three grades of skill recognised by the Guild of Crafts 
MASTER LUMPER - contractor of laborers at cheap rate of pay 
MASTER MARINER - ship's captain 
MASTER-SHIFTER - in charge on repair shift 
MATCHET FORGER - knifemaker 
MAWER - mower 
MEALMAN - dealer in meal or flour 
MELDER - corn miller 
MERCATOR - merchant 
MERCER - cloth seller 
METERER - poet 
MIDWIFE - experience woman who assists in child birth 
MILESMAN / LENGTHSMAN - railway worker who had a length of railway track to keep in good order 
MILLER - corn miller, cloth miller, saw miller 
MILLERESS - miller's wife 
MILLERS CARMAN - drove carrier to deliver the flour or seed to the customers 
MILLPECK - sharpener of mill stones 
MILLNER - maker of womens' hats 
MILLWRIGHT - designer & builder of mills or mill machinery 
MILSTONE INSPECTOR - vagrant, a gentleman of the road 
MINTMAKER or MINTMASTER - issuer of local currency 
MIXER - bartender 
MOCADO WEAVER - weaver of woollen cloth used for making clothes 16-17th century 
MOLD BOY -closed and held mold for glassblower, also weighed the bottles 
MOLITOR - miller 
MONDAYMAN - one who worked for landowner on Mondays in lieu of rent 
MONGER - (i.e., fish) - dealer 
MONTHLY NURSE - someone who assisted women during the first month after giving birth 
MOULDER - maker of molds or castings, brickmaker 
MOUNTEBANK - seller if ineffectual patent medicines 
MUDLARK - sewer cleaner, riverbank scavenger 
MUFFIN MAKER - maker who made muffins 
MUFFIN MAN - itinerant seller of muffins 
MUGGLER - pigman 
MUGSELLER - seller of cups, mugs 
MULE MINDER - minded the spinning mules in the cotton mills 
MULESKINNER - teamster 
MULETEER - mule driver 
MULTURER - miller 
MUSICKER - musician 
MUSLIN SEWER / MUSLIN FLOWERER - tambouring muslin cloth for household use which would be called embroidery today 
MUSTARDER / MUSTARDMAN - made and dealt in mustard 
NAGELSCHMIEDMEISTER - master nailsmith 
NAGSMAN - a person who schools horses, usually for his employer 
NAPERER - royal servant in charge of table linen 
NAPIER - naperer 
NARROW WEAVER - weaver of ribbons, tapes, etc 
NAVIGATOR - laborer building canals or railways 
NEATHERD - cowherder 
NECKER - worker responsible for the feeding of cardboard into the machine the makes boxes 
NEDELLER - needle maker 
NECESSARY WOMAN - servant responsible for emptying and cleaning chamber pots 
NETTER - net maker 
NIGHT SOILMAN / NIGHTMAN - one who emptied cesspits, ashpits and backyard toilets 
NIGHTWALKER - watchman or bellman 
NIMGIMMER - doctor 
NIPPER - lorry boy, a young person employed by the carter or wagoner to assist with the collection and delivery of goods 
NOB THATCHER - wig maker 
NOON TENDER - guarded the goods on the quay while the officers were a lunch 
NOTERER - notary 
OCCUPIER - tradesman 
OILMAN - sold the oil for lamps 
OLITOR - kitchen gardener (from Olitory-a kitchen garden) 
ORDERLY - soldier who functioned as a servant for an officer 
ORDINARY KEEPER - innkeeper 
ORRERY MAKER - made a mechanical apparatus for showing the movements of the planets (named after the Earl of Orrery the inventor) 
ORRICE WEAVER - designer of lace patterns to be woven with silk thread and silk 
OSIER PEELER - removed bark from willow rods or osiers which were used in basket weaving, usually women and children (also known as withy peelers) 
OSTIARY - monastery door keeper 
OSTLER - originally applied to an innkeeper/taverner or one who received guests especially in an monastery (13th century) but later on it came to mean stableboy or a person who looked after horses, coming from the old French 'hostelier' 
OUT CRIER - auctioneer 
OUTWORKER - worker who carried on their occupation at home, e.g., cotton or woollen weavers but it applies to many occupations 
OVERLOOKER - superintendent or overseer, especially in the textile mills 
OVERMAN - official below Undermanager but above Deputy in mining 
OVERMAN - supervisor in a colliery who checked the miners work and the quality of the mined coal 
OWLER - sheep or wool smuggler 
OYSTER DREDGER - member of the crew on board an oyster fishing boat 
PACKER - packs goods such as pickles or herring 
PACKMAN - travelled around carrying goods for sale in a pack 
PACK THREAD SPINNER - operator of the machine which made thread or twine 
PAD MAKER - made small baskets used for measuring 
PAGE - youth being trained for the medieval rank of knight and in the personal service of a knight or attendant upon someone of rank in the medieval period 
PAINTRESS - woman employed in the pottery industry to hand paint the finished articles 
PAPER-STAINER - one who made wallpaper 
PALING MAN - seller of eels 
PALISTER - one who ensured the parks were safe and well kept 
PALMER - one who had been, or pretended to have been, to the Holy Land 
PANNIER MAN - fish monger 
PANNIFEX - somebody who worked in the cloth trade 
PANTER - keeper of the pantry 
PANTLER - butler 
PAPERER - inserted the needles into the paper ready for sale in the needlemaking trade 
PAPER RULER - operated a machine in the 19th century printing industry who was a skilled worker/operator who set up several inking pens in a machine,by the same name, designed to draw or ink lines on paper 
PARDONER - seller of indulgences 
PARFUMIER / PERFUMER - manufacturer and purveyor of scents such as perfumes, colognes and even incense 
PARGETER - applied ornamental plaster to buildings 
PARITOR - church officer who attended the magistrates and justices at court for the pupose of executing their orders 
PARKER - park caretaker 
PASSAGE KEEPER - kept passages and alleys clean 
PASTELER - pastry chef 
PASTOR - shepherd 
PATTEN MAKER - clog maker or the person who made wooden soles (pattens) to fit under normal shoes to protect from wet and muddy ground 
PAVER / PAVIOUR - laid paving stones 
PAVYLER - put up pavilions or tents etc 
PEDASCULE - schoolmaster 
PEELER - policeman, constable, bobby (from Sir Robert Peel founder of the police force) 
PELTERER - one who worked with animal skins 
PERAMBULATOR - surveyor 
PERCHEMEAR - one who made parchment 
PEREGRINATOR - itinerant wanderer 
PERUKER - wigmaker 
PESSONER - fish monger 
PETERMAN - fisherman 
PETTIFOGGER - shyster lawyer 
PETTY CHAPMAN - itinerant dealer in small goods, a pedlar 
PEWTERER - made pewter utensils (using any of various alloys having tin as chief component especially a dull alloy with lead) 
PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENT MAKER - one who made scientific instruments 
PHRENOLOGIST - diviner of a person's character based on the bumps on a person's head 
PICKER - one who cast the shuttle on a loom 
PIECENER / PIECER - one who worked in a spinning mill, employed to piece together any threads which broke (usually a child or woman) 
PIGMAN - one who sold crockery or bred or looked after pigs on the farm 
PIKELET MAKER - baker who specialised in making pikelets (a small pancake or crumpet) 
PIKEMAN - miller's assistant 
PIKER - tramp or vagrant 
PILLER - robber 
PILOT - ship steersman 
PINDER - dog catcher 
PINER - laborer 
PINNER - pin make 
PINNER UP - dressmakers assistant or one who sold broadsheets or ballards in the streets 
PINSETTER - one who manually set up bowling pins before the advent of automated pinsetting machines 
PIPER - innkeeper 
PIRN WINDER - wound the yarn onto large wheel like bobbins which were then ready to feed the looms in a cotton mill 
PISTOR - baker 
PIT BROW LASS - female worker who worked on the surface of the mines 
PITMAN - coal miner 
PLAITER - maker of straw plaits used in making hats etc 
PLAYDERER - one who made plaid 
PLAIN WORKER - performed plain sewing or needlework as opposed to an embroiderer 
PLANKER - one who planks or kneads the body of the hat during felting 
PLATELAYER - men who laid and maintained the railway tracks in Britain and the word actually predates railways being derived from the very old "plateways" which existed hundireds of years ago, mainly for moving coal 
PLEACHER / PLAICHER / PLATCHER / PLASHER - hedge layer 
PLOWMAN - farmer 
PLOWWRIGHT - maker or repairer of plows 
PLUMASSIER / PLUMER - made or sold plumes, ornamental feathers 
PLUMBUM WORKER - plumber 
POINTER - sharpened needles or pins or lace maker 
POINTMAKER / POINTMAN - made the tips of laces 
POINTSMAN - railway worker who operated the points, used to change the line on which the train was travelling 
POLDAVE WORKER - made poldave, a coarse fabric 
POLEMAN - surveyor's assistant 
POLENTIER - poulterer 
POLLER / POWLER - barber 
PONDERATOR - inspector of weights and measures 
PORTABLE SOUP MAKER - converted soup into a dry form for transporting from place to place 
PORTER - door or gatekeeper 
POSTILLION - attacher of extra horses to wagons & coaches to help them up hills 
POST BOY - carried mail from town to town, guard who travelled on the mail coach or outrider who travelled with the stagecoach as a postillion 
POSTER - one who worked in the quarries breaking rocks 
POTATO BADGER - seller of potatoes 
POT BOY / MAN - one who worked in public houses washing and removing dirty pots also did other menial tasks 
POTTER - maker or seller of pottery 
POTTER CARRIER - chemist or pharmacist 
POTTER THROWER - potter who used a wheel and therefore had to throw the clay 
POULTER - seller of poultry 
POWER LOOM TUNER - one who maintained the loom in mills 
PUMPMAKER - around the turn of the 19th century as canals were becomeing important the word pumpmaker denoted a maker of canal locks 
PRENTIS - apprentice 
PRECEPTRESS - school mistress 
PREDIGER - preacher 
PRICKER - witch hunter, pattern maker or a horseman 
PRICK LOUISE - tailor 
PRICKER - used a type of wire brush to make small holes inside ceramic sewer pipe to prevent spalling during firing 
PRIG NAPPER - horse thief 
PROCTOR - official of a university 
PROP BOBBY - worked in mines checking the pit props 
PROTHONARY - law clerk 
PUBLICAN - innkeeper 
PUDDLER - worked clay into puddle, worked with puddle to make things water tight eg canal walls or worked in puddling iron 
PUGGARD - thief 
PUGGER - produce clay paste by treading like grapes, usually women and children in brick manufacturing 
PUG MILL OPERATOR - operated a machine for mixing clay and water, which then exuded a "pug" (a cylinder of clay of any diameter and indefinate length) 
PUNKY - chimney sweep 
PUREFINDER - old women and young girls who went about the streets gathering dog droppings which were used for tanning leather 
PURSER - ship's officer in charge of provisions & accounts 
PUTTER IN - put things in to some form of mechanised process 
QUARREL PICKER - glazier 
QUARRIER / QUARRYMAN - quarry worker 
QUILLER - one who operated a machine that wound yarn onto spools 
QUILTER / QUILTRESS - one who quilted material 
QUISTER - one who bleached things 
QWYLWRYGHTE - wheelwright 
RACK MAIDEN - girl employed in the tin mines of Cornwall to dress the ore 
RAFFMAN - one who dealt in raff (saleable rubbish) 
RAFF MERCHANT - seller of fibre used to make raffia bags etc 
RAG CUTTER - one who cut up rags into small pieces to be used for making paper etc 
RAG GATHERERS - employed to clear the rags from the machinery in the mills (usually children) 
RAG MAN - one who went from street to street collecting and selling old clothes and rags 
RAG AND BONE MAN - one who went from street to street with a cart and collected any old rubbish, usually in exchange for a small item, e.g. a block of soapstone 
RAG PICKER - sorted through the left over rags to find re usable ones 
RAKER - street sanitation worker 
RATONER - rat catcher 
RATTLEWATCH - town watchman 
RECTIFIER - one who distilled alcoholic spirits 
REDAR - interpreter of dreams 
REDSMAN / REDDSMAN / REDESMAN - was employed in maintaining mine haulage ways 
REDSMITH - goldsmith 
REEDER - worked with reeds for hedging or thatching 
REEDMAKER - made the pipe for a musical instrument or made a weavers implement (a reed) or reed cloth or the comb used in tapestry 
REELER - operated the machine that wound the yarn onto the bobbin 
REEVE - church warden 
REEVER - shriever 
REGISTRAR - official who registers events such as land purchases or births 
RENOVATOR - one who repaired clothing 
REVENUER - taxman who enforces tax laws on liquor 
RICKMASTER - Captain of Horse 
RIDDLER - wool stapler 
RIFTERE - reaper 
RIGGER - hoist tackle worker; works on a ship's rigging 
RIPPER / RIPPIER - one who sold fresh water fish at the markets or maker and seller of baskets 
RIVERMAN - worker on a river boat 
ROCKMAN - worked in a quarry usually placing the charges on the rockface 
ROCKGETTER - rocksalt miner 
ROLLER COVERER - one who covered the rollers for the spinning process 
ROLLEYWAY MAN - maintained the underground road in the mines 
ROLL TURNER - carder of wool, cotton etc into rolls prior to spinning 
ROMAN CEMENTER / PLASTERER - one who worked with roman cement used in stuccoing 
ROPER - maker of rope or nets 
ROVER - archer or operator of a machine used in cotton mills which prepared the carded fibre into rolls 
RODMAN - surveyor's assistant 
RUBBISHER / RUBBLER - sorted the small stones in the quarries 
RUGMAN - dealer in rugs 
RUNNER - smuggler, messenger and ironically one who worked for the magistrate best remembered as Bow Street Runners 
RUSTLER - cattle thief 
SADDLER - one who made saddles, harnesses, horse collars, bridles 
SADDLE TREE MAKER - one who made the frames for saddles that the saddler used 
SAGGAR (also SAGGER) MAKER - one who made the fireclay containers in which the stoneware was placed ready for firing 
SAGGAR (also SAGGER) MAKER'S BOTTOM KNOCKER- was the saggar maker's assistant who tapped the bottom of the pots 
SALT BOILER - one who obtained salt by boiling water 
SALTER / DRYSALTER / SAUCER - one who made or dealt in salt 
SARCINET WEAVER - silk weaver 
SALOONIST - saloon keeper 
SANDESMAN - ambassador or messenger 
SAND HOG - those who dug the tunnel under the river 
SANDWICHMAN - wears a sandwich billboard for advertising 
SAW DOCTOR - made, repaired, maintained and sharpened a wide range of cutting tools and saw blades and also maintained and aligned mechanical parts of a range of production machines 
SAWYER - saws timber to boards 
SAY WEAVER - one who made Say, material used for table cloths or bedding 
SCAGIOLA MAKER - one who made imitation marble 
SCALERAKER / SCAVENGER - employed by the parish to clean the streets 
SCAPPLER - one who roughly shaped the stone prior to being finished by the stonemason 
SCAVELMAN - employed to keep the waterways and ditches clear 
SCHRIMPSCHONGER - artisan who carves in bone, ivory, or wood 
SCHUMACKER - shoemaker 
SCOTCH DRAPER / SCOTCHMAN - sold goods door to door with payment to be made by installments 
SCREENER - screened the ore at the mines surface 
SCRIBE - clerk 
SCRIBLER - a minor or worthless author 
SCRIMER - fencing master 
SCRIVENER - clerk, notary 
SCRIBBLER - employed in a scibbling mill where the wool was roughly carded before spinning 
SCRIBER - employed at the docks to mark the cotton bales with the approximate weight ready for selling by the brokers 
SCRIPTURE READER - employed by the local clergy to go from house to house reading parts of the bible to try and encourage people to attend church, also read scriptures during some services 
SCRIVENER - wrote out legal documents etc 
SCRUTINEER - election judge 
SCUTCHER - beat the flax to soften the straw in the bundles 
SCULLERY MAID - female servant who performed all the menial tasks 
SCULLION - male servant who performed all the menial tasks 
SEAL PRESSER - employed in the glass industry to seal the bath against air intake which could spoil the finished surface 
SEARCHER - customs man 
SECRET SPRINGER - one made watch springs 
SEEDSMAN - sower of seeds 
SEDGEMAN - skilled workman who applied sedge (type of grass) which was used as an early roofing material 
SELF ACTING MINDER - one in charge of the automatic spinning mule in the mills 
SEMI LORER - maker of leather thongs 
SEMPSTER - seamstress 
SENESCHAL - A senior steward at the Manor 
SEWER HUNTER (also see TOSHHR) - scavenger who concentrated on the sewers trying to find valuable objects 
SEWER RAT - bricklayer who specialised in making and repairing sewers and tunnels 
SEWING CLERK - collector of clothing piecework 
SEWSTER - seamstress 
SEXTON - employee or officer of a church who cared and upkept church property and sometimes rang bells and dug graves 
SHAGREEN CASE MAKER - one who worked with shagreen leather 
SHANTY MAN - lumberman 
SHARECROPPER - tenant farmer who would be paid with part of the crop 
SHEARER - removed the fleece from sheep 
SHEARGRINDER - sharpened shears, scissors 
SHEARMAN or SHERMAN - shearer of cloth, metal 
SHEATH MAKER - one who made scabbards for swords 
SHEEPMAN - sheep herder 
SHEPSTER - dressmaker 
SHIFTER - miner paid day rate per shift, usually on repair work 
SHINGLER - A roof tiler who used wooden tiles (shingles) 
SHIP HUSBAND - repairer of ships while in harbor 
SHIP MASTER - owner or captain of a ship 
SHIPWRIGHT - constructor or repairer or ships 
SHOE FINDER - seller of shoe maker's tools 
SHOESMITH - cobbler, one who shoed horses 
SHOE WIPER - servant who polished shoes 
SHOPJOINER / SHOP JOYNER - housewright 
SHOT FIRER - one in charge of blasting in mines or quarries 
SHRAGER - one who trimmed and pruned trees 
SHRIEVE - sheriff 
SHUFFLER - yardman on the farms 
SHUNTER - one who moved rolling stock around the railway yards 
SHUSTER - shoe maker 
SHUTTLE MAKER - made the shuttles for the weaving mills 
SICKLEMAN - reaper 
SIDESMAN - one who assisted the churchwarden 
SILK ENGINE TURNER - turned the wheel on automatic silk weaving looms 
SILK THROWER - worker in the silk industry 
SILKER - sewed the ends of the fabric to prvent the layers from separating 
SILK DRESSER - prepared the silk for weaving 
SILK MERCER - sold silk cloth and items made from silk 
SILK TWISTER - silk spinner 
SIMPLER - agriculturist that we would call herbalist today 
SILVERSMITH - worked with silver 
SISSOR or CISSOR - tailor 
SIZER - applied the size to cloth or worked in a paper mill 
SKEINER MAKER - made wheels used in spinning industry upon which yarn was wound 
SKEPPER / SKELPER - one who made and sold beehives 
SKINKER - tapster in an ale house 
SKINNER - dealer in hides, mule driver 
SKIPMAKER - one who made the skips used in mining and quarrying for moving men or materials to the surface 
SKIPPER - master of a ship 
SLAPPER / SLAPER - one who worked in a pottery preparing the clay for the potter 
SLATER - roofer 
SLAYMAKER - apparently an Old English name meaning maker of slay's--wooden pegs used in weaving 
SLOPSELLER - seller of readymade clothes in a slop shop 
SLUBBER - operated the machine used to prepare cotton for spinning 
SLUBBER DOFFER - removed the bobbins from the spindles in the mills 
SMACKMAN - worked on a sailing ship (as a sloop or cutter) used chiefly in coasting and fishing 
SMALLWARE MAKER - who made smallware, e.g. tapes, braids etc 
SMELTER - worker in a metal smelter, smelt fisherman 
SMIDDY - smith 
SMITH - metal worker 
SMUGSMITH - smuggler 
SNAPPER - worker in glass factory who placed molded bottle (by neck) into furnace hole 
SNOBSCAT - one who repair shoes 
SNUFFER MAKER - made the candle snuffer 
SOAP BOILER (SOPER) - soap maker 
SOJOURNER CLOTHIER - travelling clothes salesman 
SOLICITOR - lawyer 
SORTOR - tailor 
SOUTER - shoe maker 
SPALLIER - tin worker who performs chiefly menial tasks 
SPERVITER - keeper of sparrows 
SPICER - grocer or dealer in spices 
SPINNER - spins yarn 
SPLITTER - operated a splitting machine or one who split things by hand, e.g. stone, timber etc 
SPOONER - made spoons 
SPURRER or SPURRIER - maker of spurs 
SQUIRE - (esquire) practitioner of a profession, a gentleman 
SUPERCARGO - officer on merchant ship in charge of cargo 
SUTLER - followed soldiers to encampments, set up tents to sell supplies, foodstuffs and dry goods 
STABLER - ostler 
STALLMAN - keeper of a market stall 
STAMPMAN - worker of an ore crushing machine 
STATIONER - bookseller, seller of paper & writing implements 
STATIST - politician 
STAY MAKER - corset maker 
STEEPLE JACKER - painted flag poles etc. 
STEERSMAN - ship's helmsman 
STENTERER - operated the cloth finishing machine 
STEP BOY - employed to help passengers to enter or leave the coach 
STEVEDORE - laborer who unloads and loads ships' cargoes 
STEWARD - manager of property, purveyor of supplies or someone who attended passengers on conveyance 
STICHER - one who does decorative stitching 
STOCKINGER - knitter, weaver, or dealer in stockings 
STOKER - tends the fire of an engine boiler 
STONEMAN / STONEWARDEN - a surveyor of highways 
STONE PICKER - employed to remove the stones from the farmers fields before planting 
STONE WORKERS - worked with stone eg masons, quarriers etc 
STOREMAN - one responsible for stored goods 
STOVER / STEVER/ STAVER -- senior member of a "butty partnership" of miners, and in charge at the surface 
STOWYER - one who stowed the nets away on fishing boats 
STRAVAIGER - vagrant 
STRAW JOINER - one who thatched roofs 
STRAW PLAITER - one who made straw braids for the hat industry 
STREAKER - one who prepared the body for burial 
STREET ORDERLY / BOY - street cleaner 
STRIKER - blacksmiths helper or harpooned the whale 
STRIPPER - employed in the woollen trade to remove the rubbish from the carding machines 
STRINGER - made the strings for bows 
STUFF GOWSMAN - junior barrister 
STUFF WEAVER - wove stuff (the coarse part of flax) 
SUCKSMITH - one who made ploughshares 
SUMNER - summoner or apparitor 
SUMPTER - porter 
SUTLER - merchant or peddler in an army camp 
SWAILER - miller or dealer in grain 
SWAIN - herdsman 
SWEEP - chimneysweep 
SWELL MAKER - one who made shallow baskets 
SWINEYARD / SWINEHERDER - pig keeper 
SWINGLER - one who beats flax to remove woody parts 
SWORD CUTLER - sword maker 
TABLER - boarding house operator 
TACKLER - an overlooker of power loom weavers 
TACKSMAN - middleman who leased a large piece of land from the owner and sublet it in small lots 
TAILOR - one who made or repaired clothes 
TALLOW CHANDLER - made or sold candles 
TALLY CLERK - kept count of goods arriving or departing from warehouses, docks etc 
TALLYMAN / TALLYFELLOW - one who sold goods that were paid for in installments 
TAN BARK STRIPPER - collected the bark that was used in the tanning process 
TANNER - leather maker 
TAPER WEAVER - one who made the wicks for candles 
TAPITER / TAPICER - one who wove worsted cloth 
TAPLEY - One who puts the tap in an ale cask 
TAPPIOLOGIST - someone who taps the wheels of trains to check for cracks and flaws 
TAPSTER - bartender or barmaid 
TAR BOY - applied tar (as antiseptic) to sheep when they were nicked by shearers 
TASKER - reaper 
TASSELER - one who made tassels used in furnishings or nobleman 
TAVERNER - innkeeper 
TAWER / TAWYER - white leather maker 
TEAMER / TEAMER MAN / TEAMSTER - person in charge of a team of horses 
TEASER - one who opens up matted wool for carding 
TEEMER - person who emptied grain from the cart or who poured the molten steel into the moulds 
TENTER / TENTERER - one who stretched the cloth on a machine while it was drying or looked after and maintained the machine used in the process 
TEXTOR - weaver 
THACKER - thatcher 
THATCHER - one who covered roofs with straw or reeds 
THIRDBOROUGH - an underconstable 
THRESHER - one who separated the grain from the husks and straw 
THROWSTER - one in the textile trade who twisted the strands of fibre together into yarn 

TICKET WRITER - person (usually female) who hand wrote or painted the price tickets on goods displayed for sale and painted the signs that go up to make a window display 
TICKNEY MAN / WOMAN - sold earthenware from town to town 
TIDE GAUGER / SURVEYOR - monitored the state of the tide 
TIDESMAN / TIDE WAITER - customs official 
TIEMAKER - one who made wooden railway ties 
TIGER - small groom or pageboy in livery 
TILER - one who put tiles in place either on the roof or floor 
TILLER - farmer 
TILLMAN - plowman 
TIMES IRONER - servant responsible for ironing the daily newspaper 
TINCTOR - dyer 
TINKER - traveling repairman 
TINMAN - a tinsmith or tinker 
TINNER - tin miner, tinsmith 
TINTER OR TEINTER - artists who performs tinting 
TIPPER - one who put the metal tips on arrows etc 
TIPPLER - kept an ale house 
TIPSTAFF - policeman 
TIREWOMAN - female dresser, especially in the theater 
TIXTOR - weaver 
TOBACCO SPINNER - maker of cigars 
TODHUNTER - employed by the parish to hunt foxes 
TOE RAG - who worked at the docks as a corn porter 
TOILINET MANUFACTURER - made toilinet (a kind of quilting) 
TOLLER / TOLLGATE KEEPER / TOLLIE / TOLMAN / TURNPIKE KEEPER - worked at the toll gate to collect fees for use of the road 
TONSOR - Latin for barber 
TOOL HELVER - made tool handles 
TOPMAN - sailor who works in the ship's rigging 
TOP SAWYER - upper man in a saw pit 
TOPSMAN - head cattle drover 
TOUCH HOLER - one who worked in the gun manufacturing industry 
TOSHER (also see SEWER HUNTER) - sewer hunters were formerly, and indeed still are, called by the name of toshers, the articles which they pick up in the course of their wanderings along the shore being known among themselves by the general term tosh 
TOW CARD MAKER - one who made tow cards, used in the textile industry 
TOWN CHABERLAIN - one who looked after the towns affairs 
TOWN CRIER - one who made public announcments in the streets 
TOWN HUSBAND - employed by the parish to collect the money from the fathers of illegitimate children for their upkeep 
TOWNSWAITER - customs man 
TOZER - worked in the wool mills employed to tose or tease the cloth 
TRAMMER - young person who worked in the mines 
TRAMPLER - lawyer 
TRANQUETER - person who made hoops 
TRANTER - peddler 
TRAPPER - employed in the mines to open and shut the doors for the miners 
TRAVERS - toll bridge collection 
TREEN MAKER - made domestic articles from wood 
TREENAIL MAKER - one who made the long wooden pins used in shipbuilding 
TRENCHERMAKER - made wooden boards or platters for serving food from or cutting and slicing food on 
TRENCHERMAN - cook 
TREPANGER - one who used a circular saw to cut timber 
TRIMMER - trims a ship by re-arranging its cargo 
TROACHER - pedlar 
TRONER - weighing official at the markets 
TROTTER / TROTMAN / TROTT - messenger 
TROUCHMAN / TRUCHMAN - interpreter 
TROVER - smuggler 
TRUGGER - one who made long shallow baskets 
TUBBER - one who made tubs and barrels ie a cooper 
TUBMAN - English barrister 
TUCKER - cleaner of cloth goods 
TUCKER IN - maid who attended the bedroom and "tucked in the bedclothes" 
TURNER - gymnast, lathe worker 
TURNKEY - prison warder or jail keeper 
TURNSPIT - one who operated the spit handle 
TWEENIE / TWEENY - maid who worked "between the stairs" she assisted the cooks and the housemaids 
TWISTER / TWISTERER - one who operated the machine used for twisting yarns and threads together 
TWIST HAND - one who operated a lace machine 
ULNAGER - one appointed to examine the quality of woollen goods to be sold 
UNDERVIEWER - junior official in charge of mine in Viewer's absence 
UPHOLDER - upholsterer and also a seller of secondhand goods 
UPRIGHT WORKER - chimney sweep 
VALET - male servant that attended a nobleman or gentleman 
VALUATOR - who valued objects 
VENATOR (VENUR) - huntsman 
VASSAL - servant of the lowest order 
VATMAN - one who put the paper pulp into the moulds in paper-making industry or worked with vats e.g. in beer and wine making 
VERDERER - official in charge of the royal forest 
VERGER - one who worked with the priest in the running the church 
VERGE MAKER - one who made the spindles used in clocks and watches 
VERRIER - glazier 
VESTMENTMAKER - one who made the gowns worn by priests 
VICTUALER - seller of food/drink 
VIEWER - one who worked at the mines in a managerial capacity 
VILLEIN - one who paid dues to the lord of the manor in return for use of the land 
VINTAGER / VINEROON - grape farmer, wine maker 
VINTNER / VINTER - wine merchant 
VIRGINAL PLAYER - player of a musical instrument similar to a harpsichord 
VULCAN - blacksmith 
WABSTER - weaver 
WADSETTER - under Scottish law a creditor to whom a wadset is made; a wadset is a right, by which lands, or other heritable subjects, are impignorated by the proprietor to his creditor in security of his debt 
WAGONER - wagon or cart driver 
WAILER - one employed in the mines to remove the impurities from the coal 
WAINWRIGHT - builder or repairer of wagons 
WAIT / WAKEMAN - night watchman 
WALKER / WAULKMILLER - cloth worker (see also FULLER) 
WALKING-STICK FILER - one who made walking sticks 
WALLER - one who built walls either brick or dry stone, also a person who worked making coarse salt 
WANTER / WANTCATCHER - mole catcher 
WARDER -in charge of prisoners 
WAREHOUSEMAN - in charge of or employee in a warehouse 
WARPER - set the warp thread on the looms or employed to move boats by hauling on the warps (the ropes attached to the boats) 
WARRENER - in charge of a portion of land used for breeding rabbits and other small game 
WASHMAN - tin coater 
WASTEMAN - checked the old workings for gas and maintaining them in the mines or employed to remove waste 
WATCH FINISHER - assembled watches and clocks 
WATCHMAN - town official who guarded the streets at night 
WATER BAILIFF - official in charge of the fishing rights on a stretch of water 
WATER CARRIER - carted and sold fresh water 
WATER GILDER - trapped water fowl 
WATER LEADER / LEDER / LODER - transported and sold fresh drinking water 
WATERMAN - worked with or on boats usually on rivers 
WATTLE HURDLE MAKER - made a type of fence from wattle to keep the sheep in 
WAY-MAKER - employed to make roads 
WAY MAN - surveyor of roads 
WEATHERSPY - astrologer 
WEBSTER / WEBBER - weaver (originally a female weaver) 
WEIGHER - worked on the docks to weigh the cargo as it was unloaded 
WELLMASTER - one in charge of the local well with the responsibility of ensuring clean water for the village 
WELL SINKER - dug wells 
WELL WRIGHT - made the winding equipment used to raise the bucket in the well 
WET GLOVER - made leather gloves 
WET NURSE - woman employed to suckle tthe child of another (common practice with the rich) 
WETTER - dampened paper during the printing process or in the glass industry who detached the glass by wetting 
WHARFINGER - owner of a wharf 
WHEEL TAPPER - railway worker who checked for cracked wheels by striking them with a long handled hammer and listening for a clear ring 
WHEELER - wheel maker, attended to the spinning wheel in the textile industry and one who led the pit ponies that pulled the tubs underground in the mines 
WHACKER - horse or oxen team driver 
WHEELWRIGHT / WRIGHT - maker or repairer of wagon wheels 
WHEERYMAN - in charge of a wheery (a small light rowing boat) 
WHIG - horse driver (Scottish term) 
WHIPCORD MAKER / WHIPMAKER - made whips 
WHIPPERIN - managed the hounds in a hunt 
WHITEAR - hide cleaner 
WHITE LIMER - plastered walls using lime and water plaster 
WHITE SMITH - tin smith 
WHITENING ROLL MAKER - made the whitening used in whitening walls of cottages 
WHITTAWER - one who made saddles and harness 
WHITENER / WHITESTER / WHITSTER - one who bleached cloth 
WHITEWING - streetsweeper 
WHITSTER - bleacher of cloth 
WHITTAWER - preparer of white leather 
WILLOW PLAITER / WEAVER - one who made baskets etc 
WINDSTER - silk winder 
WOODBREAKER - one who made wooden water casks 
WOODRANGER / WOOD REEVE / WOODWARD - in charge of the forest or woods 
WOOLCOMBER - operated machines that separate the fibres ready for spinning in woolen industry 
WOOL DRIVER - one who brought the wool to market 
WOOL FACTOR - wool merchants agent 
WOOLEN BILLY PIECER - worked in the woolen mills to piece together the broken yarns 
WOOL MAN /WOOL SORTER / STAPLER - one who sorted the wool into different grades 
WOOLSTED MAN - a seller of woollen cloth (from worsted man) 
WOOL WINDER - one who made up balls of wool for selling 
WORSTED MANUFACTURER / SHEARMAN - one who made worsted 
WRIGHT - builder or repairer 
WYRTH - laborer 
XYLOGRAPHER - one who used and made wooden blocks used in printing illustrations 
YARDMAN - rail road yard worker 
YATMAN - gate keeper 
YEARMAN - one contracted to work for a year 
YEOMAN - farmer who owns his own land 
ZINCOGRAPHER - designer who etched in relief a pattern on zinc plates used for printing 
ZITHERIST - player of a simple, flat many-stringed instrument 
ZOETROPE MAKER - craftsman who made zoetropes, an optical toy in the form of a cylinder with a series of pictures painted on the inner surface which gave the impression of continuous motion when viewed through slits in the rotating cylinder 
ZOOGRAPHER - described and classified 

